{"id":8146,"date":"2020-08-23T12:36:08","date_gmt":"2020-08-23T10:36:08","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/bibleetsciencediffusion.org\/?p=8146"},"modified":"2020-08-23T12:36:24","modified_gmt":"2020-08-23T10:36:24","slug":"thomas-henry-huxley-et-la-bible","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/bibleetsciencediffusion.org\/index.php\/2020\/08\/23\/thomas-henry-huxley-et-la-bible\/","title":{"rendered":"Thomas Henry Huxley et la Bible &#8211; par Christophe Duvey"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Par Christophe Duvey<\/p>\n<div id=\"reader_content_div\" style=\"padding-bottom:35px; margin-left:16px; margin-right:16px; margin-top:24px; color:rgb(37,37,37); font-family:Roboto; font-size:medium; font-style:normal; font-variant-ligatures:normal; font-variant-caps:normal; font-weight:400; letter-spacing:normal; orphans:2text-indent:0px; text-transform:none; white-space:normal; widows:2; word-spacing:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; text-decoration-style:initial; text-decoration-color:initial; text-align:left;\">\n<div class=\"SISO_page\" id=\"readability-page-1\" readability=\"501.49113078666727\" style=\"font-size:0.87em; margin-top:0px; overflow-wrap:break-word; line-height:1.5em;\">\n<div class=\"section\" id=\"abstract\" readability=\"17.895057034220535\">\n<h2 class=\"section\" style=\"font-size:1.17em; margin:0.83em0px;\"><span class=\"text\">R\u00e9sum\u00e9<\/span><\/h2>\n<div class=\"tabContent\" id=\"abstract-1356-en\" lang=\"en\" readability=\"61\">\n<p class=\"abstract\" dir=\"ltr\"><strong><em>Anglais<\/em><\/strong> &#8211; Thomas Henry Huxley devoted several essays to the study of the Bible. This interest can only be accounted for if his ideas on history, religion as well as epistemology are examined. According to him, a struggle between free thought and supernaturalism was culminating during the Victorian era, hence the need for a \u201cNew Reformation\u201d which was heir to the ideals of freedom defended by the humanists of the Renaissance. This movement opposed the principles of the supporters of what he called \u201cecclesiasticism\u201d. The advocates of the \u201cNew Reformation\u201d could rely on the progress of modern science, and agnosticism, which Huxley identified with scientific method, became its epistemological foundation. As a result, Huxley thought that the authority of physical science was in conflict with the infallibility of the Scriptures and with the theological arguments which rested on it, and this notably led him to the conclusion that the biblical narrative of the Flood was unhistorical. The naturalisation of the Scriptures seems then logically to follow his philosophical views based on the limits of human knowledge.<br \/>\n<em>It appears that it was the question of authority which underlay Huxley\u2019s interest in the Bible. He thought that the authority of the Scriptures must be replaced by that of science.<\/em><\/p>\n<p><strong><em>Fran\u00e7ais<\/em><\/strong> &#8211; Thomas Henry Huxley a consacr\u00e9 plusieurs essais \u00e0 l&rsquo;\u00e9tude de la Bible. Cet int\u00e9r\u00eat ne peut s&rsquo;expliquer que si l&rsquo;on examine ses id\u00e9es sur l&rsquo;histoire, la religion ainsi que l&rsquo;\u00e9pist\u00e9mologie. Selon lui, une lutte entre la libre pens\u00e9e et le surnaturalisme culmine \u00e0 l&rsquo;\u00e9poque victorienne, d&rsquo;o\u00f9 la n\u00e9cessit\u00e9 d&rsquo;une \u00ab\u00a0Nouvelle R\u00e9forme\u00a0\u00bb, h\u00e9riti\u00e8re des id\u00e9aux de libert\u00e9 d\u00e9fendus par les humanistes de la Renaissance. Ce mouvement s&rsquo;oppose aux principes des partisans de ce qu&rsquo;il appelle \u00ab\u00a0l&rsquo;eccl\u00e9siastique\u00a0\u00bb. Les partisans de la \u00ab\u00a0Nouvelle R\u00e9forme\u00a0\u00bb pouvaient s&rsquo;appuyer sur les progr\u00e8s de la science moderne, et l&rsquo;agnosticisme, que Huxley identifiait \u00e0 la m\u00e9thode scientifique, en devint le fondement \u00e9pist\u00e9mologique. En cons\u00e9quence, Huxley pensait que l&rsquo;autorit\u00e9 de la science physique \u00e9tait en conflit avec l&rsquo;infaillibilit\u00e9 des \u00c9critures et avec les arguments th\u00e9ologiques qui reposaient sur elle, ce qui l&rsquo;amena notamment \u00e0 la conclusion que le r\u00e9cit biblique du D\u00e9luge n&rsquo;\u00e9tait pas historique. La naturalisation des \u00c9critures semble alors suivre logiquement ses vues philosophiques fond\u00e9es sur les limites de la connaissance humaine.<br \/>\nIl semble que ce soit la question de l&rsquo;autorit\u00e9 qui ait sous-tendu l&rsquo;int\u00e9r\u00eat de Huxley pour la Bible. Il pensait que l&rsquo;autorit\u00e9 des \u00c9critures devait \u00eatre remplac\u00e9e par celle de la science.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"section\" id=\"text\" readability=\"89.68841788154285\">\n<h2 class=\"section\" style=\"font-size:1.17em; margin:0.83em0px;\"><span class=\"text\">Texte int\u00e9gral<\/span><\/h2>\n<div style=\"width: 251px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-8406 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/bibleetsciencediffusion.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/AVT_Thomas-Henry-Huxley_7822.jpg\" width=\"241\" height=\"316\" srcset=\"https:\/\/bibleetsciencediffusion.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/AVT_Thomas-Henry-Huxley_7822.jpg 241w, https:\/\/bibleetsciencediffusion.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/AVT_Thomas-Henry-Huxley_7822-229x300.jpg 229w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 241px) 100vw, 241px\" \/><p class=\"wp-caption-text\">Thomas Huxley<\/p><\/div>\n<div class=\"text wResizable medium\" readability=\"639.523721005415\">\n<div class=\"textandnotes\" readability=\"78.47017815646785\">\n<p class=\"texte\" dir=\"ltr\">Une \u00e9tude consacr\u00e9e \u00e0 Thomas Henry Huxley et la Bible ne rel\u00e8ve certainement pas de l\u2019anecdote. La popularit\u00e9 du personnage dans la seconde moiti\u00e9 du XIX<sup>e<\/sup><span> <\/span>si\u00e8cle, ainsi que le volume de ses \u00e9crits sur la Bible, justifient, s\u2019il en \u00e9tait besoin, qu\u2019on s\u2019y int\u00e9resse. Sans pr\u00e9tendre \u00e9videmment \u00e0 l\u2019exhaustivit\u00e9, le pr\u00e9sent travail va s\u2019attacher \u00e0 d\u00e9crire les id\u00e9es principales qui ont influenc\u00e9 les jugements que Huxley a port\u00e9s sur la Bible, et, en particulier, sur l\u2019\u00e9pisode du D\u00e9luge. Sur les neuf tomes de ses<span> <\/span><em>Collected Essays<\/em><span> <\/span>publi\u00e9s en 1893-94, deux sont consacr\u00e9s \u00e0 des questions bibliques. Le premier de ces deux tomes, intitul\u00e9<span> <\/span><em>La science et la tradition h\u00e9bra\u00efque<\/em><sup><a class=\"footnotecall\" id=\"bodyftn1\" href=\"#ftn1\" style=\"text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 255);\">1<\/a><\/sup>, regroupe des articles sur l\u2019Ancien Testament, notamment sur la Gen\u00e8se et la question de l\u2019historicit\u00e9 du D\u00e9luge. Le second,<span> <\/span><em>La science et la tradition chr\u00e9tienne<\/em><sup><a class=\"footnotecall\" id=\"bodyftn2\" href=\"#ftn2\" style=\"text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 255);\">2<\/a><\/sup>, s\u2019int\u00e9resse au Nouveau Testament, aux miracles et \u00e0 la d\u00e9monologie dans les \u00c9vangiles, surtout \u00e0 travers l\u2019\u00e9pisode du d\u00e9moniaque g\u00e9ras\u00e9nien, qui fit l\u2019objet d\u2019un \u00e2pre d\u00e9bat avec Gladstone dans les pages de la revue<span> <\/span><em>Nineteenth Century.<\/em><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textandnotes\" readability=\"66.47826086956522\">\n<p class=\"texte\" dir=\"ltr\">Huxley fut un vulgarisateur scientifique de talent qui connut un grand succ\u00e8s, au point qu\u2019il en vint \u00e0 incarner la science aupr\u00e8s d\u2019un certain public victorien cultiv\u00e9. Selon un de ses biographes, en effet, \u00ab en 1870, la science, c\u2019\u00e9tait le professeur Huxley \u00bb<sup><a class=\"footnotecall\" id=\"bodyftn3\" href=\"#ftn3\" style=\"text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 255);\">3<\/a><\/sup>. Adepte de la pol\u00e9mique, il se proclama \u00ab chien de garde \u00bb de Darwin, bien que son soutien \u00e0 la th\u00e9orie de la s\u00e9lection naturelle ne f\u00fbt pas inconditionnel<sup><a class=\"footnotecall\" id=\"bodyftn4\" href=\"#ftn4\" style=\"text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 255);\">4<\/a><\/sup>, et il milita en faveur d\u2019une th\u00e9orie \u00e9volutionniste naturaliste. En 1869, il inventa le mot \u00ab agnostique \u00bb et d\u00e9veloppa une \u00e9pist\u00e9mologie d\u2019essence empiriste qui s\u2019opposait radicalement \u00e0 toute r\u00e9flexion ne se pr\u00e9sentant pas comme fond\u00e9e sur l\u2019observation des ph\u00e9nom\u00e8nes naturels et sur l\u2019uniformit\u00e9 de la nature. Il devint le premier conseiller de la couronne en mati\u00e8re scientifique et prit part \u00e0 plusieurs commissions royales, dont une sur l\u2019\u00e9ducation, o\u00f9 il se pronon\u00e7a sur la place de l\u2019enseignement de la Bible dans les \u00e9coles.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p class=\"texte\" dir=\"ltr\">L\u2019int\u00e9r\u00eat de Huxley pour la question biblique n\u2019est donc pas un \u00e9piph\u00e9nom\u00e8ne et ce n\u2019est certainement pas un hasard. L\u2019attention qu\u2019il porte \u00e0 la Bible doit, tout d\u2019abord, \u00eatre interpr\u00e9t\u00e9e en lien avec ses id\u00e9es sur l\u2019histoire et la religion, ce qui va nous amener \u00e0 nous pencher sur sa notion de \u00ab Nouvelle R\u00e9forme \u00bb, ainsi que sur sa d\u00e9finition du religieux distinct de la r\u00e9flexion th\u00e9ologique. Une fois ce cadre pos\u00e9, il faudra encore nous interroger sur la valeur qu\u2019il accorde \u00e0 l\u2019agnosticisme comme m\u00e9thode pour atteindre la v\u00e9rit\u00e9, ce qui nous permettra de mieux comprendre la place de la Bible dans sa pens\u00e9e, ainsi que son soutien \u00e0 l\u2019enseignement de la Bible \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9cole. Nous terminerons par l\u2019analyse de ses principaux arguments concernant l\u2019\u00e9pisode du D\u00e9luge.<\/p>\n<p class=\"texte\" dir=\"ltr\">Ce que nous voudrions montrer, c\u2019est qu\u2019au-del\u00e0 des arguments que d\u00e9veloppe Huxley dans tous les d\u00e9bats auxquels il a pris part \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9poque, c\u2019est la notion d\u2019autorit\u00e9 qui est en jeu. En d\u2019autres termes, ses travaux sur la Bible ou ceux sur l\u2019\u00e9volution naturelle des esp\u00e8ces montrent que Huxley poursuit un objectif, qui est celui d\u2019imposer l\u2019autorit\u00e9 de la science, telle qu\u2019il la con\u00e7oit, aux d\u00e9pens de toute pens\u00e9e ne se pliant pas \u00e0 ses canons empiristes.<\/p>\n<h2 dir=\"ltr\" id=\"heading1\" style=\"font-size:1.17em; margin:0.83em0px;\">I\/ Huxley et la \u00ab Nouvelle R\u00e9forme \u00bb<\/h2>\n<div class=\"textandnotes\" readability=\"54.36694021101993\">\n<p class=\"texte\" dir=\"ltr\">L\u2019id\u00e9e d\u2019une \u00ab Nouvelle R\u00e9forme \u00bb appara\u00eet pour la premi\u00e8re fois chez Huxley dans une conf\u00e9rence faite \u00e0 la Royal Institution en 1860 et consacr\u00e9e aux esp\u00e8ces vivantes et \u00e0 leur origine. Il semblerait que l\u2019expression provenait alors des \u00e9crits du phr\u00e9nologue George Combe qui annon\u00e7ait une R\u00e9forme imminente en mati\u00e8re de religion<sup><a class=\"footnotecall\" id=\"bodyftn5\" href=\"#ftn5\" style=\"text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 255);\">5<\/a><\/sup>. Plus tard, dans une lettre \u00e0 sa femme de 1873, Huxley parle d\u2019un \u00ab mouvement gigantesque plus important que celui qui a pr\u00e9c\u00e9d\u00e9 et produit la R\u00e9forme \u00bb et qui, en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, en constitue le prolongement. \u00c0 ce moment, Huxley semble avoir \u00e9t\u00e9 influenc\u00e9 par Matthew Arnold et le th\u00e9ologien David Strauss<sup><a class=\"footnotecall\" id=\"bodyftn6\" href=\"#ftn6\" style=\"text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 255);\">6<\/a><\/sup>.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textandnotes\" readability=\"51\">\n<p class=\"texte\" dir=\"ltr\">Deux probl\u00e8mes se posent en ce qui concerne cette \u00ab Nouvelle R\u00e9forme \u00bb : \u00e0 partir de l\u2019interpr\u00e9tation de l\u2019\u00e9volution historique propre \u00e0 Huxley, il va nous falloir \u00e0 la fois d\u00e9terminer la signification de la R\u00e9forme qui culmine au XVI<sup>e<\/sup><span> <\/span>si\u00e8cle, et aussi appr\u00e9hender les caract\u00e9ristiques de la \u00ab Nouvelle R\u00e9forme \u00bb au XIX<sup>e<\/sup><span> <\/span>si\u00e8cle, ce qui nous permettra de mieux comprendre pourquoi on a pu aller jusqu\u2019\u00e0 qualifier Huxley de \u00ab nouveau Luther \u00bb<sup><a class=\"footnotecall\" id=\"bodyftn7\" href=\"#ftn7\" style=\"text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 255);\">7<\/a><\/sup>.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<h3 dir=\"ltr\" id=\"heading2\" style=\"font-size:1.17em; margin:0.83em0px;\">A\/ L\u2019id\u00e9e de \u00ab Nouvelle R\u00e9forme \u00bb<\/h3>\n<div class=\"textandnotes\" readability=\"66.91130434782609\">\n<p class=\"texte\" dir=\"ltr\">Huxley souligne que les premiers partisans du Protestantisme, qui partageaient la volont\u00e9 de limiter le surnaturalisme chr\u00e9tien aux seules \u00c9critures, n\u2019en remettaient nullement en question l\u2019infaillibilit\u00e9 ni l\u2019origine divine. Le principe de \u00ab libert\u00e9 du jugement personnel \u00bb dans l\u2019interpr\u00e9tation de la Bible, qui s\u2019opposait au catholicisme \u2013 et qu\u2019Huxley pr\u00e9sente comme un synonyme de \u00ab raison \u00bb \u2013 n\u2019amenait cependant pas le fid\u00e8le \u00e0 douter de la v\u00e9rit\u00e9 du texte sacr\u00e9, celui-ci restant pour lui l\u2019authentique Parole de Dieu<sup><a class=\"footnotecall\" id=\"bodyftn8\" href=\"#ftn8\" style=\"text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 255);\">8<\/a><\/sup>. Autrement dit, le Protestantisme a pr\u00e9serv\u00e9 l\u2019autorit\u00e9 infaillible des textes bibliques. Or, pour Huxley, le dogme de l\u2019infaillibilit\u00e9 appliqu\u00e9 \u00e0 la Bible ne poss\u00e9dait pas plus d\u2019\u00e9vidence que celui de l\u2019infaillibilit\u00e9 papale, qui avait \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9finie lors du premier Concile du Vatican en 1869-1870<sup><a class=\"footnotecall\" id=\"bodyftn9\" href=\"#ftn9\" style=\"text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 255);\">9<\/a><\/sup>. Dans ces conditions, sa lecture de la Gen\u00e8se ou des \u00c9vangiles va consister \u00e0 en naturaliser le sens pour en d\u00e9montrer ce qu\u2019il per\u00e7oit comme des contre-v\u00e9rit\u00e9s scientifiques et, par cons\u00e9quent, en contester le caract\u00e8re infaillible.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textandnotes\" readability=\"96.5954738330976\">\n<p class=\"texte\" dir=\"ltr\">Puisque, selon Huxley, l\u2019autorit\u00e9 et l\u2019infaillibilit\u00e9 des \u00c9critures n\u2019ont pas \u00e9t\u00e9 remises en cause par la pens\u00e9e protestante, on comprend qu\u2019il se refuse \u00e0 voir dans l\u2019av\u00e8nement du Protestantisme un v\u00e9ritable mouvement d\u2019\u00e9mancipation de la raison. Selon lui, d\u2019esclave sous la Papaut\u00e9, la raison serait devenue serve dans le Protestantisme<sup><a class=\"footnotecall\" id=\"bodyftn10\" href=\"#ftn10\" style=\"text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 255);\">10<\/a><\/sup>. Ne d\u00e9pendant plus directement des jugements du pape, elle restait soumise \u00e0 l\u2019autorit\u00e9 infaillible de la R\u00e9v\u00e9lation. C\u2019est ce qui pousse Huxley \u00e0 dissocier l\u2019aspiration \u00e0 la libert\u00e9 intellectuelle au XVI<sup>e<\/sup><span> <\/span>si\u00e8cle, qui, \u00e0 ses yeux, repr\u00e9sentait le v\u00e9ritable moteur de la R\u00e9forme, du d\u00e9veloppement du Protestantisme<sup><a class=\"footnotecall\" id=\"bodyftn11\" href=\"#ftn11\" style=\"text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 255);\">11<\/a><\/sup>. Cette s\u00e9paration est la source des principes de la \u00ab Nouvelle R\u00e9forme \u00bb que Huxley va d\u00e9crire pour le XIX<sup>e<\/sup><span> <\/span>si\u00e8cle. Il maintient que, s\u2019il y eut une alliance entre l\u2019humanisme et le Protestantisme \u00e0 la Renaissance, c\u2019est que les humanistes \u00e9taient pr\u00eats \u00e0 soutenir tout ce qui tendait \u00e0 affaiblir la puissance des autorit\u00e9s eccl\u00e9siastiques dans la vie civile, ainsi que celle des moines, leurs \u00ab ennemis jur\u00e9s \u00bb, selon l\u2019expression de Huxley<sup><a class=\"footnotecall\" id=\"bodyftn12\" href=\"#ftn12\" style=\"text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 255);\">12<\/a><\/sup>. Cette opposition entre autorit\u00e9s religieuses et libert\u00e9 de pens\u00e9e est au c\u0153ur de la probl\u00e9matique qui va mener \u00e0 la naissance et au d\u00e9veloppement de l\u2019agnosticisme dans le dernier tiers de l\u2019\u00e9poque victorienne. Le lien, purement strat\u00e9gique, d\u2019apr\u00e8s Huxley, entre humanisme et Protestantisme, fut cependant de courte dur\u00e9e, puisque l\u2019objectif des humanistes, la libert\u00e9 intellectuelle absolue dont jouissaient les anciens philosophes, \u00e9tait aussi oppos\u00e9 \u00e0 l\u2019esprit du Protestantisme qu\u2019\u00e0 celui du catholicisme<sup><a class=\"footnotecall\" id=\"bodyftn13\" href=\"#ftn13\" style=\"text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 255);\">13<\/a><\/sup>. Les v\u00e9ritables valeurs de libre-pens\u00e9e de la Renaissance, distinctes des valeurs du Protestantisme, ont ainsi poursuivi leur course \u00e0 travers l\u2019histoire, et on les retrouve deux si\u00e8cles plus tard, au si\u00e8cle des Lumi\u00e8res.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textandnotes\" readability=\"58.830018083182644\">\n<p class=\"texte\" dir=\"ltr\">Or, au XVIII<sup>e<\/sup><span> <\/span>si\u00e8cle, la libre-pens\u00e9e aurait \u00e9t\u00e9 \u00ab submerg\u00e9e \u00bb (c\u2019est le mot qu\u2019emploie Huxley) par une forte r\u00e9action des partisans de la surnature, au point que l\u2019on put croire, l\u2019espace d\u2019un instant, qu\u2019elle avait r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 arr\u00eater le mouvement naturaliste. Mais Huxley s\u2019empresse d\u2019observer qu\u2019\u00e0 ce moment de l\u2019histoire, la libre-pens\u00e9e ne fit qu\u2019entrer en clandestinit\u00e9, destin\u00e9e qu\u2019elle \u00e9tait \u00e0 repara\u00eetre t\u00f4t ou tard sur les devants de la sc\u00e8ne intellectuelle<sup><a class=\"footnotecall\" id=\"bodyftn14\" href=\"#ftn14\" style=\"text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 255);\">14<\/a><\/sup>.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textandnotes\" readability=\"52.172784243509405\">\n<p class=\"texte\" dir=\"ltr\">Il va jusqu\u2019\u00e0 percevoir l\u2019influence des d\u00e9fenseurs du surnaturalisme le plus intransigeant jusque dans le dernier tiers du XIX<sup>e<\/sup><span> <\/span>si\u00e8cle, affirmant que la \u00ab bibliol\u00e2trie \u00bb y est alors plus florissante que jamais<sup><a class=\"footnotecall\" id=\"bodyftn15\" href=\"#ftn15\" style=\"text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 255);\">15<\/a><\/sup>. Les temps paraissaient donc m\u00fbrs pour l\u2019av\u00e8nement d\u2019une \u00ab Nouvelle R\u00e9forme \u00bb. Si les objectifs rejoignaient ceux des humanistes de la Renaissance, les moyens \u00e0 la disposition de ses adeptes \u00e9taient n\u00e9anmoins diff\u00e9rents, puisque les libres penseurs du XIXe si\u00e8cle pouvaient se pr\u00e9valoir des avanc\u00e9es de la science. Selon l\u2019avis de Huxley, celle-ci se pr\u00e9sentait comme un v\u00e9ritable \u00ab ennemi \u00bb des tenants du surnaturalisme<sup><a class=\"footnotecall\" id=\"bodyftn16\" href=\"#ftn16\" style=\"text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 255);\">16<\/a><\/sup>. Ainsi Huxley en arrive-t-il \u00e0 penser que l\u2019impact de la science dans la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 moderne repr\u00e9sente l\u2019apog\u00e9e de la R\u00e9forme commenc\u00e9e au XVIe si\u00e8cle<sup><a class=\"footnotecall\" id=\"bodyftn17\" href=\"#ftn17\" style=\"text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 255);\">17<\/a><\/sup>.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textandnotes\" readability=\"64.82046678635547\">\n<p class=\"texte\" dir=\"ltr\">On l\u2019aura compris, la n\u00e9cessit\u00e9 d\u2019une \u00ab Nouvelle R\u00e9forme \u00bb se justifie, aux yeux de Huxley, par l\u2019existence d\u2019un obstacle cl\u00e9rico-th\u00e9ologique, per\u00e7u comme ennemi de la libert\u00e9, notamment intellectuelle, qu\u2019il convient de combattre sans rel\u00e2che jusqu\u2019\u00e0 la victoire finale de la libre pens\u00e9e, victoire qui ne fait d\u2019ailleurs aucun doute \u00e0 plus ou moins br\u00e8ve \u00e9ch\u00e9ance, comme il l\u2019affirme dans cette m\u00eame lettre de 1873, destin\u00e9e \u00e0 son \u00e9pouse, que nous avons d\u00e9j\u00e0 mentionn\u00e9e<sup><a class=\"footnotecall\" id=\"bodyftn18\" href=\"#ftn18\" style=\"text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 255);\">18<\/a><\/sup>.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textandnotes\" readability=\"58.60972716488731\">\n<p class=\"texte\" dir=\"ltr\">Il y a encore toute une dimension sociale et politique de la \u00ab Nouvelle R\u00e9forme \u00bb, que nous ne ferons qu\u2019\u00e9voquer, qui donne \u00e0 ce concept une valeur qui transcende le cadre de l\u2019analyse historique pour en faire un instrument d\u2019action sur la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 en vue de sa transformation. La \u00ab Nouvelle R\u00e9forme \u00bb est alors synonyme de lib\u00e9ration des classes laborieuses<sup><a class=\"footnotecall\" id=\"bodyftn19\" href=\"#ftn19\" style=\"text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 255);\">19<\/a><\/sup>. L\u2019\u00e9nergie que d\u00e9ploie Huxley pour l\u2019\u00e9ducation des masses, avec, notamment, ses s\u00e9ries de conf\u00e9rences de vulgarisation scientifique, dans lesquelles il ne perd pas une occasion de d\u00e9fendre l\u2019\u00e9volution naturelle des esp\u00e8ces contre le cr\u00e9ationnisme d\u2019origine biblique, peut ainsi s\u2019expliquer par sa volont\u00e9 de participer activement au mouvement r\u00e9formateur qu\u2019il a d\u00e9fini.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p class=\"texte\" dir=\"ltr\">Il convient de mieux appr\u00e9hender la nature de l\u2019obstacle \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9panouissement de la \u00ab Nouvelle R\u00e9forme \u00bb, afin de montrer comment ce mouvement, qui se pr\u00e9sente comme \u00e9tant en faveur de la pens\u00e9e libre, revendique une autorit\u00e9 qui se fonde sur une certaine conception de la science et de sa m\u00e9thode.<\/p>\n<h3 dir=\"ltr\" id=\"heading3\" style=\"font-size:1.17em; margin:0.83em0px;\">B\/ L\u2019obstacle cl\u00e9rico-th\u00e9ologique et la d\u00e9finition de la religion<\/h3>\n<div class=\"textandnotes\" readability=\"60.067567567567565\">\n<p class=\"texte\" dir=\"ltr\">L\u2019histoire, selon la lecture qu\u2019en donne Huxley, se r\u00e9sume donc en un conflit entre la libre pens\u00e9e et des forces contraires qui jouissent d\u2019une certaine autorit\u00e9, et le destin de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 moderne d\u00e9pend de l\u2019issue de cette confrontation<sup><a class=\"footnotecall\" id=\"bodyftn20\" href=\"#ftn20\" style=\"text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 255);\">20<\/a><\/sup>. Huxley identifie clairement l\u2019ennemi : comme au temps de la Renaissance, ce sont les autorit\u00e9s eccl\u00e9siastiques et leurs partisans, qui sont per\u00e7us comme un frein au d\u00e9veloppement de la civilisation<sup><a class=\"footnotecall\" id=\"bodyftn21\" href=\"#ftn21\" style=\"text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 255);\">21<\/a><\/sup>. Les mots dont il use \u00e0 leur propos ne souffrent pas l\u2019ambigu\u00eft\u00e9, puisqu\u2019ils ont tous une forte connotation n\u00e9gative<sup><a class=\"footnotecall\" id=\"bodyftn22\" href=\"#ftn22\" style=\"text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 255);\">22<\/a><\/sup>. Il en parle souvent en employant le mot g\u00e9n\u00e9rique d\u2019\u00bb <em>ecclesiasticism<\/em> \u00bb, forg\u00e9 sur le mod\u00e8le du fran\u00e7ais \u00ab cl\u00e9ricalisme \u00bb, avec toutes les connotations anti-catholiques qui s\u2019attachaient alors \u00e0 ce terme<sup><a class=\"footnotecall\" id=\"bodyftn23\" href=\"#ftn23\" style=\"text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 255);\">23<\/a><\/sup>.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textandnotes\" readability=\"62.09994597514857\">\n<p class=\"texte\" dir=\"ltr\">\u00c0 ces forces du mal, il oppose tous ceux qui ont lutt\u00e9 et qui luttent encore en faveur de la v\u00e9rit\u00e9. Dans ce domaine, les mots qu\u2019il emploie pour les d\u00e9signer ont une autre valeur<sup><a class=\"footnotecall\" id=\"bodyftn24\" href=\"#ftn24\" style=\"text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 255);\">24<\/a><\/sup>. Parmi ces repr\u00e9sentants et continuateurs des aspirations de la Renaissance se trouvent aussi bien Darwin que David Strauss, l\u2019un des protagonistes de la \u00ab Nouvelle R\u00e9forme \u00bb selon Huxley<sup><a class=\"footnotecall\" id=\"bodyftn25\" href=\"#ftn25\" style=\"text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 255);\">25<\/a><\/sup>, auteur d\u2019une<span> <\/span><em>Leben Jesu<\/em><span> <\/span>retentissante en 1835-6 (traduite par Littr\u00e9 en France) ainsi que de<span> <\/span><em>Der alte und der neue Glaube<\/em><span> <\/span>(<em>L\u2019ancienne et la nouvelle foi<\/em>) en 1872, que cite Huxley au d\u00e9but de sa pr\u00e9face \u00e0<span> <\/span><em>La science et la tradition chr\u00e9tienne<\/em><sup><a class=\"footnotecall\" id=\"bodyftn26\" href=\"#ftn26\" style=\"text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 255);\">26<\/a><\/sup>. D\u2019apr\u00e8s Huxley, la particularit\u00e9 de ces auteurs r\u00e9side dans le fait qu\u2019ils r\u00e9cusent tout dogmatisme et toute croyance qui ne repose pas sur l\u2019exp\u00e9rience et sur de v\u00e9ritables faits d\u2019observation<sup><a class=\"footnotecall\" id=\"bodyftn27\" href=\"#ftn27\" style=\"text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 255);\">27<\/a><\/sup>. Ce manich\u00e9isme n\u2019admet aucune exception, et ceux qui ne sont pas avec Huxley sont contre lui<sup><a class=\"footnotecall\" id=\"bodyftn28\" href=\"#ftn28\" style=\"text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 255);\">28<\/a><\/sup>. Il n\u2019y a pas de conciliation possible entre les deux camps. On ne peut \u00eatre \u00e0 la fois membre du clerg\u00e9 et membre de la communaut\u00e9 des savants, le \u00ab cl\u00e9ricalisme \u00bb \u00e9tant \u00ab l\u2019ennemi mortel de la science \u00bb<sup><a class=\"footnotecall\" id=\"bodyftn29\" href=\"#ftn29\" style=\"text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 255);\">29<\/a><\/sup>. Son anticl\u00e9ricalisme est donc \u00ab sans concession et pugnace \u00bb, pour reprendre la formule de Stephen Jay Gould<sup><a class=\"footnotecall\" id=\"bodyftn30\" href=\"#ftn30\" style=\"text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 255);\">30<\/a><\/sup>.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textandnotes\" readability=\"70.24516785350966\">\n<p class=\"texte\" dir=\"ltr\">Cette dichotomie entre le bien et le mal se mat\u00e9rialise dans son rejet du discours th\u00e9ologique et des dogmes. En 1864, Huxley cr\u00e9e, en compagnie d\u2019autres auteurs de l\u2019\u00e9poque, un groupe qui se nommera le X Club. Thomas Hirst, l\u2019un des membres de ce groupe, a d\u00e9crit le point commun qui les rassemblait : \u00ab le lien qui nous unissait \u00e9tait la d\u00e9votion \u00e0 la science, pure et libre, non entrav\u00e9e par des dogmes religieux \u00bb<sup><a class=\"footnotecall\" id=\"bodyftn31\" href=\"#ftn31\" style=\"text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 255);\">31<\/a><\/sup>. Le dogme \u00e9tait per\u00e7u comme un obstacle \u00e0 la libert\u00e9 intellectuelle, donc contraire \u00e0 l\u2019esprit de la \u00ab Nouvelle R\u00e9forme \u00bb, et la th\u00e9ologie repr\u00e9sentait, \u00e0 leurs yeux, une source d\u2019autorit\u00e9 capable d\u2019\u00e9touffer la v\u00e9rit\u00e9 de la science<sup><a class=\"footnotecall\" id=\"bodyftn32\" href=\"#ftn32\" style=\"text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 255);\">32<\/a><\/sup>. En d\u2019autres termes, selon ces auteurs, la th\u00e9ologie \u00e9tait une menace \u00e0 l\u2019autonomie du travail scientifique.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textandnotes\" readability=\"60.01610541727672\">\n<p class=\"texte\" dir=\"ltr\">Pour Huxley, il s\u2019agissait donc de substituer une autorit\u00e9 \u00e0 une autre, l\u2019autorit\u00e9 de la science \u00e0 l\u2019autorit\u00e9 religieuse. Il n\u2019\u00e9tait pas le seul \u00e0 le penser \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9poque, puisque le physicien irlandais, John Tyndall, par exemple, dans un discours c\u00e9l\u00e8bre prononc\u00e9 \u00e0 Belfast en 1874, affirmait la m\u00eame chose<sup><a class=\"footnotecall\" id=\"bodyftn33\" href=\"#ftn33\" style=\"text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 255);\">33<\/a><\/sup>. C\u2019est \u00e9galement ce \u00e0 quoi semblent s\u2019\u00eatre attach\u00e9s les membres du X Club, en en faisant un instrument \u00ab politique \u00bb en faveur de la cause scientifique<sup><a class=\"footnotecall\" id=\"bodyftn34\" href=\"#ftn34\" style=\"text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 255);\">34<\/a><\/sup>.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textandnotes\" readability=\"94.14963205233033\">\n<p class=\"texte\" dir=\"ltr\">Il convient toutefois de faire remarquer que ce refus de la th\u00e9ologie ne signifiait pas le rejet de la religion. Influenc\u00e9 par le romantisme allemand, par Goethe et Carlyle, Huxley distingue, en effet, la religion, domaine du sentiment, de la th\u00e9ologie, qui, \u00e0 l\u2019instar de la science, se pr\u00e9sente comme un discours rationnel, et peut, d\u00e8s lors, entrer en conflit avec elle<sup><a class=\"footnotecall\" id=\"bodyftn35\" href=\"#ftn35\" style=\"text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 255);\">35<\/a><\/sup>. Il n\u2019y a pas d\u2019antagonisme entre la science et la religion proprement dite, mais entre la science et la th\u00e9ologie, toutes deux \u00e9tant le produit de la facult\u00e9 intellectuelle, c\u2019est-\u00e0-dire de la raison<sup><a class=\"footnotecall\" id=\"bodyftn36\" href=\"#ftn36\" style=\"text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 255);\">36<\/a><\/sup>. Pour ce qui est de la religion, elle est de l\u2019ordre du sentiment, de l\u2019\u00e9motion, de l\u2019imagination, du symbole, et elle s\u2019apparente \u00e0 l\u2019art et \u00e0 la po\u00e9sie<sup><a class=\"footnotecall\" id=\"bodyftn37\" href=\"#ftn37\" style=\"text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 255);\">37<\/a><\/sup>. Il faut encore pr\u00e9ciser que, dans l\u2019esprit de Huxley, inclure la religion dans le domaine du sentiment n\u2019\u00e9tait pas la d\u00e9grader, mais seulement l\u2019\u00e9tablir \u00e0 sa place, en tant que distincte de la connaissance rationnelle, dont la science constituait le mod\u00e8le.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textandnotes\" readability=\"53.71559633027523\">\n<p class=\"texte\" dir=\"ltr\">Par cons\u00e9quent, rien ne s\u2019opposait vraiment \u00e0 ce que la Bible fasse partie des programmes scolaires<sup><a class=\"footnotecall\" id=\"bodyftn38\" href=\"#ftn38\" style=\"text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 255);\">38<\/a><\/sup>, mais sous certaines conditions<sup><a class=\"footnotecall\" id=\"bodyftn39\" href=\"#ftn39\" style=\"text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 255);\">39<\/a><\/sup>. Huxley d\u00e9fend l\u2019id\u00e9e de la lecture de la Bible \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9cole dans le but d\u2019enseigner les principes g\u00e9n\u00e9raux de la morale, mais cette lecture doit \u00eatre s\u00e9lective et se faire sans aucun commentaire d\u2019ordre th\u00e9ologique<sup><a class=\"footnotecall\" id=\"bodyftn40\" href=\"#ftn40\" style=\"text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 255);\">40<\/a><\/sup>. Ces le\u00e7ons consacr\u00e9es \u00e0 l\u2019enseignement biblique devaient amener les enfants \u00e0 reconna\u00eetre la \u00ab beaut\u00e9 morale \u00bb des religions, au moyen d\u2019une \u00e9tude grammaticale, g\u00e9ographique et historique<sup><a class=\"footnotecall\" id=\"bodyftn41\" href=\"#ftn41\" style=\"text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 255);\">41<\/a><\/sup>.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textandnotes\" readability=\"58.40398550724638\">\n<p class=\"texte\" dir=\"ltr\">Puisque la th\u00e9ologie a, en quelque sorte, corrompu la religion, l\u2019opposition \u00e0 la r\u00e9flexion th\u00e9ologique prend une dimension nouvelle, quand on sait que c\u2019est la science qui revendique la sph\u00e8re du rationnel. La science devient un instrument de purification du savoir en g\u00e9n\u00e9ral, et de la religion en particulier<sup><a class=\"footnotecall\" id=\"bodyftn42\" href=\"#ftn42\" style=\"text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 255);\">42<\/a><\/sup>. Sa m\u00e9thode naturaliste fonde l\u2019agnosticisme qui devient le \u00ab <em>novum organum \u00bb<\/em>, le nouvel outil, de la recherche de la v\u00e9rit\u00e9.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<h3 dir=\"ltr\" id=\"heading4\" style=\"font-size:1.17em; margin:0.83em0px;\">C\/ L\u2019agnosticisme comme m\u00e9thode<\/h3>\n<div class=\"textandnotes\" readability=\"78.325\">\n<p class=\"texte\" dir=\"ltr\">C\u2019est en 1869, nous l\u2019avons dit, que Huxley a invent\u00e9 le mot \u00ab agnostique \u00bb. Ce faisant, \u00e9crit-il, il souhaitait se d\u00e9marquer aussi bien de l\u2019ath\u00e9isme, du th\u00e9isme, du panth\u00e9isme, du mat\u00e9rialisme, de l\u2019id\u00e9alisme que du christianisme<sup><a class=\"footnotecall\" id=\"bodyftn43\" href=\"#ftn43\" style=\"text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 255);\">43<\/a><\/sup>. Selon Huxley, toutes ces doctrines pr\u00e9tendent conna\u00eetre ce qu\u2019elles ne sont pas en mesure de d\u00e9montrer, \u00e0 savoir l\u2019essence de la r\u00e9alit\u00e9. Le mat\u00e9rialisme, par exemple, implique une \u00ab erreur philosophique grave \u00bb, parce qu\u2019il d\u00e9clare atteindre la r\u00e9alit\u00e9 absolue, ultime, alors que celle-ci, soutient Huxley, est inconnaissable<sup><a class=\"footnotecall\" id=\"bodyftn44\" href=\"#ftn44\" style=\"text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 255);\">44<\/a><\/sup>.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textandnotes\" readability=\"82.04563835932987\">\n<p class=\"texte\" dir=\"ltr\">Dans ce domaine, ce sont les philosophies de Hume, de Kant et de Hamilton qui lui servent \u00e0 justifier le principe empiriste sur lequel repose la pens\u00e9e agnostique<sup><a class=\"footnotecall\" id=\"bodyftn45\" href=\"#ftn45\" style=\"text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 255);\">45<\/a><\/sup>. Mais, pour Huxley, l\u2019agnosticisme n\u2019est pas tant une doctrine qu\u2019une m\u00e9thode. Bien plus, l\u2019agnosticisme, c\u2019est l\u2019\u00bb essence de la science \u00bb, au dire de Huxley, et il ajoute que l\u2019agnosticisme ne veut rien avoir \u00e0 faire avec le surnaturalisme<sup><a class=\"footnotecall\" id=\"bodyftn46\" href=\"#ftn46\" style=\"text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 255);\">46<\/a><\/sup>. En fait, l\u2019agnosticisme souligne les limites de la connaissance humaine, et tout ce qui transcende la ph\u00e9nom\u00e9nalit\u00e9 \u2013 le \u00ab noum\u00e8ne \u00bb chez Kant, l\u2019 \u00ab inconditionn\u00e9 \u00bb chez Hamilton \u2013 est d\u00e9clar\u00e9 inconnaissable. La connaissance se constitue \u00e0 partir de l\u2019exp\u00e9rience, de l\u2019observation des ph\u00e9nom\u00e8nes, et d\u00e9pend d\u2019un principe fondamental ind\u00e9montrable, mais n\u00e9cessaire : l\u2019uniformit\u00e9 de la nature. Le domaine de l\u2019activit\u00e9 scientifique se distingue donc de ce que George Henry Lewes nomme le \u00ab m\u00e9tempirique \u00bb, c\u2019est-\u00e0-dire ce qui est au-del\u00e0 de l\u2019empirique, au-del\u00e0 de l\u2019exp\u00e9rience<sup><a class=\"footnotecall\" id=\"bodyftn47\" href=\"#ftn47\" style=\"text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 255);\">47<\/a><\/sup>. La v\u00e9rit\u00e9 est dans les faits, obtenus par la m\u00e9thode scientifique. La science en appelle \u00e0 l\u2019observation et \u00e0 l\u2019exp\u00e9rience, non \u00e0 l\u2019autorit\u00e9 aveugle<sup><a class=\"footnotecall\" id=\"bodyftn48\" href=\"#ftn48\" style=\"text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 255);\">48<\/a><\/sup>. On assiste donc \u00e0 la naturalisation du savoir, motiv\u00e9e par un empirisme issu d\u2019une \u00e9pist\u00e9mologie insistant sur les limites de la connaissance humaine.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p class=\"texte\" dir=\"ltr\">L\u2019agnosticisme comme m\u00e9thode d\u2019investigation de la nature se pr\u00e9sente, chez Huxley, comme l\u2019antidote \u00e0 nombre d\u2019assertions infond\u00e9es du \u00ab cl\u00e9ricalisme \u00bb, et l\u2019on peut donc le tenir pour le point m\u00e9thodologique culminant de la \u00ab Nouvelle R\u00e9forme \u00bb au XIX<sup>e<\/sup> si\u00e8cle. Dans ces conditions, il est int\u00e9ressant de le voir \u00e0 l\u2019\u0153uvre dans un cas particulier, celui concernant la v\u00e9racit\u00e9 de l\u2019\u00e9pisode du D\u00e9luge.<\/p>\n<h2 dir=\"ltr\" id=\"heading5\" style=\"font-size:1.17em; margin:0.83em0px;\">II\/ L\u2019exemple du D\u00e9luge<\/h2>\n<p class=\"texte\" dir=\"ltr\">L\u2019analyse de la fa\u00e7on dont Huxley aborde l\u2019\u00e9pisode du D\u00e9luge, tel qu\u2019on peut le lire dans le livre de la Gen\u00e8se aux chapitres 6 \u00e0 8, va nous permettre de clarifier les caract\u00e9ristiques de sa m\u00e9thode naturaliste. Deux points retiendront notre attention : tout d\u2019abord, le choix des partisans du concordisme et du litt\u00e9ralisme comme mod\u00e8le d\u2019interpr\u00e9tation des \u00c9critures ; ensuite, la conduite de l\u2019argumentation, qui se fonde sur une opposition inconciliable entre la v\u00e9rit\u00e9 de la science et l\u2019erreur de l\u2019interpr\u00e9tation th\u00e9ologique.<\/p>\n<h3 dir=\"ltr\" id=\"heading6\" style=\"font-size:1.17em; margin:0.83em0px;\">A\/ Le concordisme comme cible privil\u00e9gi\u00e9e<\/h3>\n<div class=\"textandnotes\" readability=\"72.69168026101141\">\n<p class=\"texte\" dir=\"ltr\">Le D\u00e9luge tient une place particuli\u00e8re dans l\u2019histoire des id\u00e9es. Il existe, en effet, une importante litt\u00e9rature sur le sujet, qui, d\u2019ailleurs, ne se limite pas \u00e0 l\u2019Angleterre. L\u2019histoire de No\u00e9 a beaucoup int\u00e9ress\u00e9 les g\u00e9ologues, et les ann\u00e9es qui vont de la fin du XVIII<sup>e<\/sup> si\u00e8cle jusqu\u2019aux environs de 1840 sont marqu\u00e9es par le d\u00e9veloppement des \u00e9tudes g\u00e9ologiques. C\u2019est le moment o\u00f9 s\u2019affrontent les catastrophistes et les actualistes. Si la th\u00e9orie catastrophiste d\u00e9fend l\u2019id\u00e9e selon laquelle l\u2019histoire de la terre a connu une suite de cataclysmes d\u00e9vastateurs, qui repr\u00e9sentent de v\u00e9ritables discontinuit\u00e9s, l\u2019uniformitarisme ou actualisme, dont la r\u00e9f\u00e9rence reste<span> <\/span><em>Les principes de la g\u00e9ologie<\/em><span> <\/span>de Charles Lyell publi\u00e9s entre 1830 et 1833, penche plut\u00f4t pour la continuit\u00e9, selon laquelle le pass\u00e9 g\u00e9ologique de la terre s\u2019explique par des ph\u00e9nom\u00e8nes qu\u2019il est encore possible d\u2019observer de nos jours<sup><a class=\"footnotecall\" id=\"bodyftn49\" href=\"#ftn49\" style=\"text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 255);\">49<\/a><\/sup>. En France, l\u2019un des principaux tenants du catastrophisme, le Baron Cuvier, d\u00e9clare avoir \u00ab constat\u00e9 \u00bb les traces d\u2019un de ces cataclysmes qui a d\u00fb se d\u00e9rouler il y a quelques milliers d\u2019ann\u00e9es seulement :<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<blockquote readability=\"19.91901408450704\">\n<div class=\"textandnotes\" readability=\"68.63380281690141\">\n<p class=\"citation\" dir=\"ltr\">Je pense donc, [\u2026] que, s\u2019il y a quelque chose de constat\u00e9 en g\u00e9ologie, c\u2019est que la surface de notre globe a \u00e9t\u00e9 victime d\u2019une grande et subite r\u00e9volution, dont la date ne peut remonter beaucoup au-del\u00e0 de cinq ou six mille ans ; que cette r\u00e9volution a enfonc\u00e9 et fait dispara\u00eetre les pays qu\u2019habitaient auparavant les hommes et les esp\u00e8ces des animaux aujourd\u2019hui les plus connus ; qu\u2019elle a, au contraire, mis \u00e0 sec le fond de la derni\u00e8re mer, et en a form\u00e9 les pays aujourd\u2019hui habit\u00e9s ; que c\u2019est depuis cette r\u00e9volution que le petit nombre des individus \u00e9pargn\u00e9s par elle se sont r\u00e9pandus et propag\u00e9s sur les terrains nouvellement mis \u00e0 sec, et par cons\u00e9quent c\u2019est depuis cette \u00e9poque seulement que nos soci\u00e9t\u00e9s ont repris une marche progressive, qu\u2019elles ont form\u00e9 des \u00e9tablissements, \u00e9lev\u00e9 des monuments, recueilli des faits naturels, et combin\u00e9 des syst\u00e8mes scientifiques<sup><a class=\"footnotecall\" id=\"bodyftn50\" href=\"#ftn50\" style=\"text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 255);\">50<\/a><\/sup>.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/blockquote>\n<div class=\"textandnotes\" readability=\"62.61417322834646\">\n<p class=\"texte\" dir=\"ltr\">Autrement dit, les faits \u00e9tablis par la g\u00e9ologie ne semblaient pas contredire la Gen\u00e8se et, par cons\u00e9quent, il existait un accord possible entre le livre de la nature et le Livre de la R\u00e9v\u00e9lation. Si les \u00e9crits du grand Cuvier paraissaient favorable \u00e0 un certain concordisme, d\u2019autres iront beaucoup plus loin, offrant une lecture litt\u00e9rale du D\u00e9luge, dans le but de justifier, dans ses moindres d\u00e9tails, la v\u00e9racit\u00e9 des tribulations de No\u00e9. On va jusqu\u2019\u00e0 d\u00e9terminer la date exacte du d\u00e9but du D\u00e9luge, et l\u2019on calcule le poids de l\u2019arche<sup><a class=\"footnotecall\" id=\"bodyftn51\" href=\"#ftn51\" style=\"text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 255);\">51<\/a><\/sup>. On note que ces tentatives de d\u00e9monstration de la v\u00e9racit\u00e9 du D\u00e9luge s\u2019accordent pour reconna\u00eetre l\u2019autorit\u00e9 et l\u2019infaillibilit\u00e9 de la Bible. Inutile d\u2019insister sur le fait que ce type d\u2019interpr\u00e9tation fut fermement combattu par Huxley.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textandnotes\" readability=\"75.93694915254237\">\n<p class=\"texte\" dir=\"ltr\">On peut faire remarquer qu\u2019il existait d\u2019autres lectures possibles, de type all\u00e9gorique par exemple, et que tous les lecteurs de la Bible n\u2019en soutenaient \u00e9videmment pas la litt\u00e9ralit\u00e9 \u00e0 cette \u00e9poque<sup><a class=\"footnotecall\" id=\"bodyftn52\" href=\"#ftn52\" style=\"text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 255);\">52<\/a><\/sup>. Certes, mais il appara\u00eet que Huxley ne go\u00fbtait gu\u00e8re l\u2019interpr\u00e9tation all\u00e9gorique des \u00c9critures, comme, par exemple, les interpr\u00e9tations qui avaient \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9es dans<span> <\/span><em>Essays and Reviews<\/em><span> <\/span>ou<span> <\/span><em>Lux Mundi<\/em><sup><a class=\"footnotecall\" id=\"bodyftn53\" href=\"#ftn53\" style=\"text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 255);\">53<\/a><\/sup>. User de l\u2019all\u00e9gorie pour interpr\u00e9ter la Bible contrevenait, en effet, \u00e0 l\u2019id\u00e9e de Huxley selon laquelle un conflit frontal, direct, \u00e9tait in\u00e9vitable entre les affirmations de la science et les positions de ceux qui d\u00e9fendaient l\u2019infaillibilit\u00e9 des textes sacr\u00e9s. Accepter la th\u00e8se de l\u2019all\u00e9gorisation, c\u2019\u00e9tait ouvrir la porte \u00e0 la possible conciliation entre science et Bible, ce que refusait Huxley<sup><a class=\"footnotecall\" id=\"bodyftn54\" href=\"#ftn54\" style=\"text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 255);\">54<\/a><\/sup>. Il estimait, en outre, que l\u2019id\u00e9e d\u2019 \u00ab inspiration \u00bb des \u00c9critures n\u2019avait pas de valeur scientifique \u2013 la science, rappelons-le, \u00e9tant fond\u00e9e sur l\u2019exp\u00e9rience et l\u2019observation \u2013 et qu\u2019il \u00e9tait donc inutile de s\u2019en pr\u00e9occuper<sup><a class=\"footnotecall\" id=\"bodyftn55\" href=\"#ftn55\" style=\"text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 255);\">55<\/a><\/sup>.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textandnotes\" readability=\"76.25944584382871\">\n<p class=\"texte\" dir=\"ltr\">En fait, il ne distingue que deux possibilit\u00e9s pour ce qui est des r\u00e9cits rapportant des \u00e9v\u00e9nements pass\u00e9s<sup><a class=\"footnotecall\" id=\"bodyftn56\" href=\"#ftn56\" style=\"text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 255);\">56<\/a><\/sup><span> <\/span>(il ne prend pas en consid\u00e9ration les \u0153uvres de fiction, qui ne pr\u00e9tendent pas \u00e0 la v\u00e9rit\u00e9 historique). Un r\u00e9cit peut \u00eatre absolument vrai ou \u00e0 la fois vrai et faux<sup><a class=\"footnotecall\" id=\"bodyftn57\" href=\"#ftn57\" style=\"text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 255);\">57<\/a><\/sup>. La question que pose Huxley est celle de savoir s\u2019il existe des r\u00e9cits historiques qui appartiennent \u00e0 la premi\u00e8re de ces cat\u00e9gories, c\u2019est-\u00e0-dire celle des r\u00e9cits absolument vrais, ceux qui correspondent exactement aux faits tels qu\u2019ils se sont effectivement d\u00e9roul\u00e9s. Selon lui, la majorit\u00e9 des \u0153uvres historiques ne sont que partiellement vraies et m\u00ealent, dans des proportions variables, la v\u00e9rit\u00e9 et la fiction<sup><a class=\"footnotecall\" id=\"bodyftn58\" href=\"#ftn58\" style=\"text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 255);\">58<\/a><\/sup>. Cependant, citations \u00e0 l\u2019appui, Huxley affirme que le christianisme de l\u2019\u00e9poque soutenait la v\u00e9racit\u00e9 historique exacte des r\u00e9cits bibliques, donc y compris celle du D\u00e9luge, ce qui revenait ainsi \u00e0 soutenir que les \u00c9critures se distinguaient des autres types de r\u00e9cits par leur infaillibilit\u00e9. Le travail de Huxley consiste donc \u00e0 d\u00e9montrer que cette affirmation est insoutenable, et que la Bible est un livre comme un autre, qui m\u00e9lange v\u00e9rit\u00e9 et fiction, et qui, de fait, ne peut pr\u00e9tendre \u00e0 l\u2019infaillibilit\u00e9 que lui pr\u00eatent les partisans du \u00ab cl\u00e9ricalisme \u00bb.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textandnotes\" readability=\"70.50925925925927\">\n<p class=\"texte\" dir=\"ltr\">Mais, au-del\u00e0 de cette volont\u00e9 de d\u00e9montrer la faillibilit\u00e9 de la Bible de la part de Huxley, c\u2019est, une nouvelle fois, la th\u00e9ologie qui est vis\u00e9e, car, pour lui, elle d\u00e9pend enti\u00e8rement de la v\u00e9racit\u00e9 historique des r\u00e9cits bibliques<sup><a class=\"footnotecall\" id=\"bodyftn59\" href=\"#ftn59\" style=\"text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 255);\">59<\/a><\/sup>. L\u2019objectif qu\u2019il se fixe est donc de s\u2019en prendre \u00e0 la th\u00e9ologie \u00e0 travers la critique de la Bible en g\u00e9n\u00e9ral, et celle de l\u2019\u00e9pisode du D\u00e9luge en particulier. Puisque la th\u00e9ologie, qui se r\u00e9clame de la facult\u00e9 raisonnable, pr\u00e9tend reposer sur un texte qu\u2019elle d\u00e9clare infaillible, montrer la part de fiction du texte revient, finalement, \u00e0 contraindre la th\u00e9ologie \u00e0 renoncer \u00e0 ses pr\u00e9tentions rationnelles.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textandnotes\" readability=\"60.604705882352945\">\n<p class=\"texte\" dir=\"ltr\">Pour ce qui est de la m\u00e9thode, c\u2019est la science exp\u00e9rimentale qui en fournit les instruments. Se dessine alors un antagonisme entre le discours de la science et celui des \u00c9critures, o\u00f9 l\u2019on retrouve la notion d\u2019autorit\u00e9. La Bible, \u00e9crit Huxley, pr\u00e9tend apporter des r\u00e9ponses exactes sur un terrain que revendique la science exp\u00e9rimentale. Elle d\u00e9crit des \u00e9v\u00e9nements que la science r\u00e9fute, d\u2019o\u00f9 un conflit in\u00e9vitable<sup><a class=\"footnotecall\" id=\"bodyftn60\" href=\"#ftn60\" style=\"text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 255);\">60<\/a><\/sup>. C\u2019est donc le drame de la \u00ab Nouvelle R\u00e9forme \u00bb qui se joue \u00e0 nouveau ici. La libert\u00e9 et la v\u00e9rit\u00e9 se trouveraient compromises par les affirmations insoutenables du \u00ab cl\u00e9ricalisme \u00bb, et la d\u00e9monstration minutieuse de la fausset\u00e9 de ses pr\u00e9tentions n\u2019aurait d\u2019autre but, pour Huxley, que de d\u00e9fendre ces valeurs menac\u00e9es.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<h3 dir=\"ltr\" id=\"heading7\" style=\"font-size:1.17em; margin:0.83em0px;\">B\/ Huxley et la facult\u00e9 \u00abmytho-po\u00e9tique\u00bb<\/h3>\n<div class=\"textandnotes\" readability=\"66.34011090573013\">\n<p class=\"texte\" dir=\"ltr\">Les arguments qu\u2019il oppose \u00e0 la v\u00e9racit\u00e9 historique du D\u00e9luge sont scientifiques et litt\u00e9raires. Il commence sa r\u00e9futation scientifique en soulignant un recul du litt\u00e9ralisme, ce qui, dans son esprit, n\u2019est \u00e9videmment pas anodin, puisqu\u2019il marque une premi\u00e8re concession d\u2019importance : c\u2019est l\u2019abandon de l\u2019id\u00e9e de D\u00e9luge universel chez ceux, dit-il, qui ont appris \u00e0 ma\u00eetriser les rudiments de la science<sup><a class=\"footnotecall\" id=\"bodyftn61\" href=\"#ftn61\" style=\"text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 255);\">61<\/a><\/sup>. La science poss\u00e8de donc la vertu de d\u00e9livrer de l\u2019erreur ceux qui se donnent la peine de la comprendre. C\u2019est, d\u2019ailleurs, un outil rh\u00e9torique caract\u00e9ristique chez Huxley que de montrer les reculs successifs de ses adversaires pour mettre au jour l\u2019\u00e9lasticit\u00e9 de leurs arguments et, au bout du compte, pour les acculer \u00e0 reconna\u00eetre la faiblesse de leur position<sup><a class=\"footnotecall\" id=\"bodyftn62\" href=\"#ftn62\" style=\"text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 255);\">62<\/a><\/sup>. La science semble ainsi toujours parvenir \u00e0 d\u00e9busquer l\u2019erreur, l\u00e0 o\u00f9 elle se trouve.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textandnotes\" readability=\"74.2470664928292\">\n<p class=\"texte\" dir=\"ltr\">Reste que les tenants de la v\u00e9racit\u00e9 historique du D\u00e9luge ont adapt\u00e9 leur discours en rempla\u00e7ant le mot \u00ab universel \u00bb par celui de \u00ab partiel \u00bb, l\u2019\u00e9pisode biblique devenant, d\u00e8s lors, un \u00e9v\u00e9nement historique local. Par ce revirement, affirme Huxley, ces auteurs esp\u00e9raient \u00eatre en mesure d\u2019accorder le r\u00e9cit des \u00c9critures aux d\u00e9couvertes de la science moderne<sup><a class=\"footnotecall\" id=\"bodyftn63\" href=\"#ftn63\" style=\"text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 255);\">63<\/a><\/sup>. En d\u2019autres termes, dans son \u00e9tude du livre de la nature, la science confirmerait le Livre de la R\u00e9v\u00e9lation. Mais, pour Huxley, cette entreprise de conciliation est vou\u00e9e \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9chec, car l\u2019hypoth\u00e8se du D\u00e9luge partiel ne serait pas plus soutenable que celle du D\u00e9luge universel. En v\u00e9rit\u00e9, affirme-t-il, nombreux sont les d\u00e9tails du r\u00e9cit biblique qui vont \u00e0 l\u2019encontre des r\u00e9sultats les plus assur\u00e9s de la science<sup><a class=\"footnotecall\" id=\"bodyftn64\" href=\"#ftn64\" style=\"text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 255);\">64<\/a><\/sup>. La conciliation esp\u00e9r\u00e9e par les tenants du concordisme se r\u00e9v\u00e8le donc finalement impossible. M\u00eame les fondements de la th\u00e9orie catastrophiste lui semblent discutables, puisque le recours \u00e0 des catastrophes serait le produit d\u2019un manque de patience dans la recherche des causes efficientes des ph\u00e9nom\u00e8nes naturels<sup><a class=\"footnotecall\" id=\"bodyftn65\" href=\"#ftn65\" style=\"text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 255);\">65<\/a><\/sup>. Autrement dit, le catastrophisme n\u2019a pas de justification scientifique, mais il a des racines psychologiques.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textandnotes\" readability=\"52.03599374021909\">\n<p class=\"texte\" dir=\"ltr\">La conclusion qui s\u2019impose alors du point de vue de la science serait que le r\u00e9cit du D\u00e9luge ne rapporte pas des faits historiques<sup><a class=\"footnotecall\" id=\"bodyftn66\" href=\"#ftn66\" style=\"text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 255);\">66<\/a><\/sup>, et ce r\u00e9sultat concorderait avec l\u2019autre type d\u2019approche, plus litt\u00e9raire et historique, que Huxley propose dans la suite de son analyse. Dans ce cas aussi, des \u00ab faits bien \u00e9tablis \u00bb dans ces disciplines d\u00e9montreraient le caract\u00e8re l\u00e9gendaire de l\u2019\u00e9pisode rapport\u00e9 dans la Gen\u00e8se<sup><a class=\"footnotecall\" id=\"bodyftn67\" href=\"#ftn67\" style=\"text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 255);\">67<\/a><\/sup>.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textandnotes\" readability=\"50.49411764705883\">\n<p class=\"texte\" dir=\"ltr\">Huxley en vient finalement \u00e0 proposer une explication psychologique pour en justifier l\u2019existence. Les textes de la Gen\u00e8se se voient ainsi gratifi\u00e9s d\u2019une valeur mytho-po\u00e9tique, dont l\u2019objectif aurait \u00e9t\u00e9 de r\u00e9soudre les interrogations m\u00e9taphysiques et historiques du peuple h\u00e9breu, notamment celles concernant l\u2019origine de l\u2019univers et la pr\u00e9sence du mal chez l\u2019homme. Selon Huxley, le Pentateuque en pr\u00e9senterait \u00ab les solutions qui apparaissaient satisfaisantes \u00e0 son auteur \u00bb<sup><a class=\"footnotecall\" id=\"bodyftn68\" href=\"#ftn68\" style=\"text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 255);\">68<\/a><\/sup>.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<h2 dir=\"ltr\" id=\"heading8\" style=\"font-size:1.17em; margin:0.83em0px;\">Conclusion<\/h2>\n<div class=\"textandnotes\" readability=\"64.1504854368932\">\n<p class=\"texte\" dir=\"ltr\">Les \u00e9crits de Huxley sur la Bible doivent \u00eatre interpr\u00e9t\u00e9s en lien avec le d\u00e9veloppement de la \u00ab Nouvelle R\u00e9forme \u00bb et de l\u2019agnosticisme, celui-ci \u00e9tant d\u00e9fini comme \u00ab essence de la science \u00bb. Sur ce point, Huxley \u00e9tait fermement convaincu de l\u2019existence d\u2019un conflit in\u00e9vitable entre la science et la th\u00e9ologie, et la question de l\u2019autorit\u00e9 est apparue essentielle, aussi bien du point de vue intellectuel que social. Sur le plan intellectuel, la science revendique la totalit\u00e9 du savoir rationnel. Pour ce qui est de l\u2019aspect social, la science revendique un statut<sup><a class=\"footnotecall\" id=\"bodyftn69\" href=\"#ftn69\" style=\"text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 255);\">69<\/a><\/sup>. Dans ces conditions, la Bible repr\u00e9sentait un obstacle, du fait des pr\u00e9tentions suppos\u00e9es du \u00ab cl\u00e9ricalisme \u00bb \u00e0 imposer son autorit\u00e9 et son infaillibilit\u00e9<sup><a class=\"footnotecall\" id=\"bodyftn70\" href=\"#ftn70\" style=\"text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 255);\">70<\/a><\/sup>. Pour Huxley, toute pr\u00e9tention \u00e0 l\u2019infaillibilit\u00e9 \u00e9tait une \u00ab mal\u00e9diction \u00bb<sup><a class=\"footnotecall\" id=\"bodyftn71\" href=\"#ftn71\" style=\"text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 255);\">71<\/a><\/sup>, puisque la libert\u00e9 de pens\u00e9e \u00e9tait alors menac\u00e9e ainsi que la recherche scientifique de la v\u00e9rit\u00e9.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textandnotes\" readability=\"70.6837169650469\">\n<p class=\"texte\" dir=\"ltr\">Toutefois, le r\u00f4le de la science n\u2019est peut-\u00eatre pas aussi transparent qu\u2019il n\u2019y para\u00eet. En effet, on peut s\u2019interroger sur la conception de la science chez Huxley qu\u2019il oppose \u00e0 la \u00ab tradition \u00bb, dans le titre de ses deux tomes des<span> <\/span><em>Collected Essays<\/em><span> <\/span>consacr\u00e9s \u00e0 des questions bibliques. Cette science, nous l\u2019avons dit, repose sur une pens\u00e9e de type empiriste et c\u2019est elle, au bout du compte, qui justifie la r\u00e9futation de la v\u00e9racit\u00e9 historique des miracles dans la Bible. Le constat d\u2019une opposition frontale entre science et th\u00e9ologie chez Huxley, pose donc une question fondamentale au niveau \u00e9pist\u00e9mologique, donc philosophique, \u00e0 savoir : le lien entre la science exp\u00e9rimentale et l\u2019empirisme est-il un lien n\u00e9cessaire ? Des auteurs de l\u2019\u00e9poque ne le pensaient pas<sup><a class=\"footnotecall\" id=\"bodyftn72\" href=\"#ftn72\" style=\"text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 255);\">72<\/a><\/sup>. Ceci conduit \u00e0 une autre question, non moins importante que la pr\u00e9c\u00e9dente : l\u2019affrontement suppos\u00e9 entre la v\u00e9rit\u00e9 de la science et l\u2019erreur de l\u2019ex\u00e9g\u00e8se ou de la pens\u00e9e religieuse ne r\u00e9v\u00e8le-t-il pas, en derni\u00e8re analyse, l\u2019existence de principes philosophiques absolument divergents ?<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p class=\"texte\" dir=\"ltr\">Dans cette optique, l\u2019interpr\u00e9tation de la Bible chez Huxley, qui implique une naturalisation de son contenu, d\u00e9coulerait directement de son \u00e9pist\u00e9mologie.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"section\" id=\"bibliography\" readability=\"135.63056768558954\">\n<h2 class=\"section\" style=\"font-size:1.17em; margin:0.83em0px;\"><span class=\"text\">Bibliographie<\/span><\/h2>\n<div class=\"text\" readability=\"297\">\n<h3 dir=\"ltr\" id=\"heading9\" style=\"font-size:1.17em; margin:0.83em0px;\">Sources primaires<\/h3>\n<p class=\"bibliographie\" dir=\"ltr\">CARO Elme Mari<em>e,<\/em><span><em> <\/em><\/span>Le Mat\u00e9rialisme et la science<em>, Paris : Hachette, 1867.<\/em><\/p>\n<p class=\"bibliographie\" dir=\"ltr\">HUXLEY Thomas Henry,Method and Results, Collected Essays<em>, vol. I, London: Macmillan, 1894.<\/em><\/p>\n<p class=\"bibliographie\" dir=\"ltr\">HUXLEY Thomas Henry,Darwiniana, Collected Essays<em>, vol.<\/em><span><em> <\/em><\/span><em>II,<\/em><span><em> <\/em><\/span><em>London:<\/em><span><em> <\/em><\/span><em>Macmillan, 1894.<\/em><\/p>\n<p class=\"bibliographie\" dir=\"ltr\">HUXLEY Thomas Henry,Science and Hebrew Tradition, Collected Essays<em>, vol.<\/em><span><em> <\/em><\/span><em>IV,<\/em><span><em> <\/em><\/span><em>London:<\/em><span><em> <\/em><\/span><em>Macmillan, 1893.<\/em><\/p>\n<p class=\"bibliographie\" dir=\"ltr\">HUXLEY Thomas Henry<em>, <\/em>Science and Christian Tradition, Collected Essays<em>, vol. V, London: Macmillan, 1894.<\/em><\/p>\n<p class=\"bibliographie\" dir=\"ltr\">LEWES George Henry,Problems of Life and Mind,<span> <\/span><em>London: Tr\u00fcbner and Company, vol. I, 1874.<\/em><\/p>\n<p class=\"bibliographie\" dir=\"ltr\">TYNDALL John, <em>Fragments of Science<\/em>, New York: A. L. Burt Co., s. d..<\/p>\n<h3 dir=\"ltr\" id=\"heading10\" style=\"font-size:1.17em; margin:0.83em0px;\">Sources secondaires<\/h3>\n<p class=\"bibliographie\" dir=\"ltr\">BARTON Ruth<em>, \u201cEvolution: The Whitworth Gun in Huxley\u2019s War for the Liberation of Science from Theology\u201d, dans OLDROYD D. et LANGHAM I. (ed.),<\/em><span><em> <\/em><\/span>The Wider Domain of Evolutionary Thought<em>, Dordrecht: Reidel, 1983.<\/em><\/p>\n<p class=\"bibliographie\" dir=\"ltr\">BECQUEMONT Daniel<em>,<\/em><span><em> <\/em><\/span>Darwin, darwinisme, \u00e9volutionnisme<em>, Paris : Kim\u00e9, 1992.<\/em><\/p>\n<p class=\"bibliographie\" dir=\"ltr\">BOWLER Peter J.,The Non-Darwinian Revolution, Reinterpreting a Historical Myth<em>, Baltimore and London: The Johns Hopkins University Press, [1988] 1992.<\/em><\/p>\n<p class=\"bibliographie\" dir=\"ltr\">CHADWICK Owen,The Victorian Church<em>, 2 vols., London: Adam and Charles Black, 1970.<\/em><\/p>\n<p class=\"bibliographie\" dir=\"ltr\">CLARK J. F. M.,<span> <\/span><em>\u201c\u2018The Ants Were Duly Visited\u2019: Making Sense of John Lubbock, Scientific Naturalism and the Senses of Social Insects\u201d,<\/em><span><em> <\/em><\/span>The British Journal for the History of Science<em>, (30), 1997.<\/em><\/p>\n<p class=\"bibliographie\" dir=\"ltr\">DESMOND Adrian,Huxley<em>, Harmondsworth: Penguin Books, 1998.<\/em><\/p>\n<p class=\"bibliographie\" dir=\"ltr\">GOHAU Gabriel<em>,<\/em><span><em> <\/em><\/span>Une histoire de la g\u00e9ologie<em>, Paris : Seuil, [1987] 1990.<\/em><\/p>\n<p class=\"bibliographie\" dir=\"ltr\">HUXLEY Leonard,Life and Letters of Thomas Henry Huxley<em>, 2 vols., New York: D. Appleton and Company, 1901.<\/em><\/p>\n<p class=\"bibliographie\" dir=\"ltr\">JENSEN J. Vernon,Thomas Henry Huxley, Communicating for Science<em>, London and Toronto: Associated University Presses, 1991.<\/em><\/p>\n<p class=\"bibliographie\" dir=\"ltr\">LIGHTMAN Bernard, The Origins of Agnosticism, Victorian Unbelief and the Limits of Knowledge<em>, Baltimore and London: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1987.<\/em><\/p>\n<p class=\"bibliographie\" dir=\"ltr\">RUSE Michael,<span><em> <\/em><\/span><em>\u201cThomas Henry Huxley and the Status of Evolution as Science\u201d, dans BARR Alan P. (ed.),<\/em><span><em> <\/em><\/span>Thomas Henry Huxley\u2019s Place in Science and Letters, Centenary Essays<em>, Athens and London: The University of Georgia Press, 1997.<\/em><\/p>\n<p class=\"bibliographie\" dir=\"ltr\">TASSOT Dominique,<span> <\/span><em>La Bible au risque de la science, de Galil\u00e9e au P. Lagrange<\/em>, Paris : \u00c9ditions Fran\u00e7ois-Xavier de Guibert, 1997.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"section\" id=\"notes\" readability=\"1727.6202147820595\">\n<h3 class=\"section\" style=\"font-size:1.17em; margin:0.83em0px;\"><span class=\"text\">Notes<\/span><\/h3>\n<p class=\"notebaspage\" dir=\"ltr\"><sup><a class=\"FootnoteSymbol\" id=\"ftn1\" href=\"#bodyftn1\" style=\"text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 255);\">1<\/a><\/sup><span> <\/span>Thomas Henry Huxley,<span> <\/span><em>Science and Hebrew Tradition<\/em>,<span> <\/span><em>Collected Essays<\/em>, vol. IV, Londres : Macmillan, 1893.<\/p>\n<p class=\"notebaspage\" dir=\"ltr\"><sup><a class=\"FootnoteSymbol\" id=\"ftn2\" href=\"#bodyftn2\" style=\"text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 255);\">2<\/a><\/sup><span> <\/span>Thomas Henry Huxley,<span> <\/span><em>Science and Christian Tradition<\/em>,<span> <\/span><em>Collected Essays<\/em>, vol. V, Londres : Macmillan, 1894.<\/p>\n<p class=\"notebaspage\" dir=\"ltr\"><sup><a class=\"FootnoteSymbol\" id=\"ftn3\" href=\"#bodyftn3\" style=\"text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 255);\">3<\/a><\/sup><span> <\/span>\u201c<em>By 1870 science<\/em><span><em> <\/em><\/span>was<span><em> <\/em><\/span><em>Professor Huxley.<\/em>\u201d, Adrian Desmond,<span> <\/span><em>Huxley<\/em>, Harmondsworth: Penguin Books, 1998, 377.<\/p>\n<p class=\"notebaspage\" dir=\"ltr\"><sup><a class=\"FootnoteSymbol\" id=\"ftn4\" href=\"#bodyftn4\" style=\"text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 255);\">4<\/a><\/sup><span> <\/span>\u201c<em>[\u2026] Huxley always drew back from full acceptance of Darwin\u2019s mechanism of natural selection. [\u2026] Intellectually, Darwin\u2019s bulldog was no ardent Darwinian \u2013 at least not when it came to a mechanism for evolution<\/em>\u201d, Michael Ruse, \u201cThomas Henry Huxley and the Status of Evolution as Science\u201d, dans Alan p. Barr (\u00e9d.),<span> <\/span><em>Thomas Henry Huxley\u2019s Place in Science and Letters, Centenary Essays<\/em>, Ath\u00e8nes et Londres : The University of Georgia Press, 1997, 146.<\/p>\n<p class=\"notebaspage\" dir=\"ltr\"><sup><a class=\"FootnoteSymbol\" id=\"ftn5\" href=\"#bodyftn5\" style=\"text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 255);\">5<\/a><\/sup><span> <\/span>Ruth Barton, \u201cEvolution: The Whitworth Gun in Huxley\u2019s War for the Liberation of Science from Theology\u201d,<span> <\/span>dans<span> <\/span>D. Oldroyd et I. Langham,<span> <\/span><em>The Wider Domain for Evolutionary Thought<\/em>, Dordrecht : D. Reidel Publishing Company, 1983, 277.<\/p>\n<p class=\"notebaspage\" dir=\"ltr\"><sup><a class=\"FootnoteSymbol\" id=\"ftn6\" href=\"#bodyftn6\" style=\"text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 255);\">6<\/a><\/sup><span> <\/span>\u201c<em>We are in the midst of a gigantic movement greater than that which preceded and produced the Reformation, and really only the continuation of that movement<\/em>\u201d, cit\u00e9 dans Leonard Huxley,<span> <\/span><em>Life and Letters of Thomas Henry Huxley by his Son Leonard Huxley<\/em>, New York, D. Appleton and Company, 1901, vol. 1, 427-428 ; cf. R. Barton, \u201cEvolution: The Whitworth Gun in Huxley\u2019s War for the Liberation of Science from Theology\u201d,<span> <\/span><em>op. cit.<\/em>, 277.<\/p>\n<p class=\"notebaspage\" dir=\"ltr\"><sup><a class=\"FootnoteSymbol\" id=\"ftn7\" href=\"#bodyftn7\" style=\"text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 255);\">7<\/a><\/sup><span> <\/span>A. Desmond,<span> <\/span><em>Huxley<\/em>,<span> <\/span><em>op. cit.<\/em>, 249.<\/p>\n<p class=\"notebaspage\" dir=\"ltr\"><sup><a class=\"FootnoteSymbol\" id=\"ftn8\" href=\"#bodyftn8\" style=\"text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 255);\">8<\/a><\/sup><span> <\/span>T. H. Huxley, \u201cPrologue\u201d, dans<span> <\/span><em>Science and Christian Tradition<\/em>,<span> <\/span><em>op. cit.<\/em>, 8-9.<\/p>\n<p class=\"notebaspage\" dir=\"ltr\"><sup><a class=\"FootnoteSymbol\" id=\"ftn9\" href=\"#bodyftn9\" style=\"text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 255);\">9<\/a><\/sup><span> <\/span><em>Idem<\/em>.<\/p>\n<p class=\"notebaspage\" dir=\"ltr\"><sup><a class=\"FootnoteSymbol\" id=\"ftn10\" href=\"#bodyftn10\" style=\"text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 255);\">10<\/a><\/sup><span> <\/span>T. H. Huxley, \u201cPrologue\u201d, dans<span> <\/span><em>Science and Christian Tradition<\/em>,<span> <\/span><em>op. cit.<\/em>, 12.<\/p>\n<p class=\"notebaspage\" dir=\"ltr\"><sup><a class=\"FootnoteSymbol\" id=\"ftn11\" href=\"#bodyftn11\" style=\"text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 255);\">11<\/a><\/sup><span> <\/span>T. H. Huxley, \u201cPrologue\u201d, dans<span> <\/span><em>Science and Christian Tradition<\/em>,<span> <\/span><em>op. cit.<\/em>, 13.<\/p>\n<p class=\"notebaspage\" dir=\"ltr\"><sup><a class=\"FootnoteSymbol\" id=\"ftn12\" href=\"#bodyftn12\" style=\"text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 255);\">12<\/a><\/sup><span> <\/span>\u201c<em>[\u2026] their sworn enemies, the monks<\/em>\u201d, T. H. Huxley, \u201cPrologue\u201d, dans<span> <\/span><em>Science and Christian Tradition<\/em>,<span> <\/span><em>op. cit<\/em>., 14.<\/p>\n<p class=\"notebaspage\" dir=\"ltr\"><sup><a class=\"FootnoteSymbol\" id=\"ftn13\" href=\"#bodyftn13\" style=\"text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 255);\">13<\/a><\/sup><span> <\/span><em>Idem<\/em>.<\/p>\n<p class=\"notebaspage\" dir=\"ltr\"><sup><a class=\"FootnoteSymbol\" id=\"ftn14\" href=\"#bodyftn14\" style=\"text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 255);\">14<\/a><\/sup><span> <\/span>T. H. Huxley, \u201cPrologue\u201d, dans<span> <\/span><em>Science and Christian Tradition<\/em>,<span> <\/span><em>op. cit.<\/em>, 20.<\/p>\n<p class=\"notebaspage\" dir=\"ltr\"><sup><a class=\"FootnoteSymbol\" id=\"ftn15\" href=\"#bodyftn15\" style=\"text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 255);\">15<\/a><\/sup><span> <\/span>\u201c<em>[\u2026] the green bay tree of bibliolatry flourishes as it did sixty years ago. And, as in those good old times, who so refuses to offer incense to the idol is held to be guilty of a \u2018dishonour to God,\u2019 imperilling his salvation<\/em>\u201d, T. H. Huxley, \u201cPrologue\u201d, dans<span> <\/span><em>Science and Christian Tradition<\/em>,<span> <\/span><em>op. cit.<\/em>, 23. On peut encore noter que les dangers de la \u00ab bibliol\u00e2trie \u00bb peuvent avoir des cons\u00e9quences n\u00e9fastes pour l\u2019ensemble de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9. Huxley \u00e9crit, en effet : \u201c<em>Wherever bibliolatry has prevailed, bigotry and cruelty have accompanied it<\/em>\u201d, T. H. Huxley, \u201cPreface\u201d, dans<span> <\/span><em>Science and Hebrew Tradition<\/em>,<span> <\/span><em>op. cit.<\/em>, ix.<\/p>\n<p class=\"notebaspage\" dir=\"ltr\"><sup><a class=\"FootnoteSymbol\" id=\"ftn16\" href=\"#bodyftn16\" style=\"text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 255);\">16<\/a><\/sup><span> <\/span>\u201c<em>The extant forms of Supernaturalism have deep roots in human nature, and will undoubtedly die hard; but, in these latter days, they have to cope with an enemy whose full strength is only just beginning to be put out, and whose forces, gathering strength year by year, are hemming them round on every side. The enemy is Science, in the acceptation of systematised natural knowledge, [\u2026]<\/em>\u201d, T. H. Huxley, \u201cPrologue\u201d, dans<span> <\/span><em>Science and Christian Tradition<\/em>,<span> <\/span><em>op. cit.<\/em>, 32.<\/p>\n<p class=\"notebaspage\" dir=\"ltr\"><sup><a class=\"FootnoteSymbol\" id=\"ftn17\" href=\"#bodyftn17\" style=\"text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 255);\">17<\/a><\/sup><span> <\/span>Bernard Lightman,<span> <\/span><em>The Origins of Agnosticism<\/em>, Baltimore et Londres : The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1987, 124.<\/p>\n<p class=\"notebaspage\" dir=\"ltr\"><sup><a class=\"FootnoteSymbol\" id=\"ftn18\" href=\"#bodyftn18\" style=\"text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 255);\">18<\/a><\/sup><span> <\/span>L. Huxley,<span> <\/span><em>Life and Letters of Thomas Henry Huxley<\/em>,<span> <\/span><em>op. cit.<\/em>, vol. 1, 428.<\/p>\n<p class=\"notebaspage\" dir=\"ltr\"><sup><a class=\"FootnoteSymbol\" id=\"ftn19\" href=\"#bodyftn19\" style=\"text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 255);\">19<\/a><\/sup><span> <\/span>\u201c<em>So Huxley\u2019s \u2018New Reformation\u2019 was synonymous with the liberation of the industrial and professional classes<\/em>\u201d, A. Desmond,<span> <\/span><em>Huxley<\/em>,<span> <\/span><em>op. cit.<\/em>, 625.<\/p>\n<p class=\"notebaspage\" dir=\"ltr\"><sup><a class=\"FootnoteSymbol\" id=\"ftn20\" href=\"#bodyftn20\" style=\"text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 255);\">20<\/a><\/sup><span> <\/span>\u201c<em>On the outcome of this intellectual battle [between free thought and authority] depended the moral, social and material progress of society<\/em>\u201d, R. Barton, \u201cEvolution: The Whitworth Gun in Huxley\u2019s War for the Liberation of Science from Theology\u201d,<span> <\/span><em>op. cit.<\/em>, 278.<\/p>\n<p class=\"notebaspage\" dir=\"ltr\"><sup><a class=\"FootnoteSymbol\" id=\"ftn21\" href=\"#bodyftn21\" style=\"text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 255);\">21<\/a><\/sup><span> <\/span>\u201c<em>Ecclesiasticism had stood in the way of the advancement of science, art, jurisprudence, the best political and social theories, and the highest ethics<\/em>\u201d, J. Vernon Jensen,<span> <\/span><em>Thomas Henry Huxley, Communicating for Science<\/em>, Newark, Londres et Toronto : Associated University Presses, 1991, 130.<\/p>\n<p class=\"notebaspage\" dir=\"ltr\"><sup><a class=\"FootnoteSymbol\" id=\"ftn22\" href=\"#bodyftn22\" style=\"text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 255);\">22<\/a><\/sup><span> <\/span>\u201c<em>The villains \u2013 the ecclesiastics \u2013 were \u2018uncultured men\u2019 (1:34), \u2018depreciators of natural knowledge\u2019 (1:28), \u2018blind leaders of the blind\u2019 (1:30), \u2018theological dogmatists\u2019 (4:212), or \u2018counsels for creeds\u2019 (5:358). They were ignorant, emotionally unstable, immature, uninformed, self-righteous, irrational, inconsistent, incompetent, and lacked common sense, meekness, patience, courtesy, and love. Huxley of course occasionally spoke well of those few theologians who tended to see things somewhat similarly to him as \u2018theologians of repute\u2019 (5:330) or \u2018Biblical scholars of repute\u2019 (4:227)<\/em>\u201d, J. Vernon Jensen,<span> <\/span><em>Thomas Henry Huxley, Communicating for Science<\/em>,<span> <\/span><em>op. cit.<\/em>, 127.<\/p>\n<p class=\"notebaspage\" dir=\"ltr\"><sup><a class=\"FootnoteSymbol\" id=\"ftn23\" href=\"#bodyftn23\" style=\"text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 255);\">23<\/a><\/sup><span> <\/span>J. Vernon Jensen,<span> <\/span><em>Thomas Henry Huxley, Communicating for Science<\/em>,<span> <\/span><em>op. cit.<\/em>, 138.<\/p>\n<p class=\"notebaspage\" dir=\"ltr\"><sup><a class=\"FootnoteSymbol\" id=\"ftn24\" href=\"#bodyftn24\" style=\"text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 255);\">24<\/a><\/sup><span> <\/span>\u201c<em>His heroes were \u2018rational men\u2019 (5:43), \u2018the best intellects\u2019 (1:25), \u2018trained intellects\u2019 (4:56), \u2018all thinking men\u2019 (1:28), \u2018any serious thinker\u2019 (5:35), \u2018a very candid thinker\u2019 (4:48), \u2018honest thinkers\u2019 (4:49), \u2018serious scientific inquirers\u2019 (4:215), \u2018all serious critics\u2019 (4:212), \u2018right-minded men\u2019 (4:236), and anyone \u2018competent to judge\u2019 (5:33). Other adjectives employed were \u2018cautious,\u2019 \u2018calm,\u2019 \u2018thoughtful,\u2019 \u2018mature,\u2019 \u2018patient,\u2019 and \u2018thorough\u2019<\/em>\u201d, J. Vernon Jensen,<span> <\/span><em>Thomas Henry Huxley, Communicating for Science<\/em>,<span> <\/span><em>op. cit.<\/em>, 127.<\/p>\n<p class=\"notebaspage\" dir=\"ltr\"><sup><a class=\"FootnoteSymbol\" id=\"ftn25\" href=\"#bodyftn25\" style=\"text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 255);\">25<\/a><\/sup><span> <\/span>T. H. Huxley, \u201cPreface\u201d, dans<span> <\/span><em>Science and Christian Tradition<\/em>,<span> <\/span><em>op. cit.<\/em>, vi.<\/p>\n<p class=\"notebaspage\" dir=\"ltr\"><sup><a class=\"FootnoteSymbol\" id=\"ftn26\" href=\"#bodyftn26\" style=\"text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 255);\">26<\/a><\/sup><span> <\/span><em>Ibidem<\/em>, v-vi.<\/p>\n<p class=\"notebaspage\" dir=\"ltr\"><sup><a class=\"FootnoteSymbol\" id=\"ftn27\" href=\"#bodyftn27\" style=\"text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 255);\">27<\/a><\/sup><span> <\/span>Huxley \u00e9crit, par exemple : \u201c<em>Mr. Darwin abhors mere speculation as nature abhors a vacuum. He is as greedy of cases and precedents as any constitutional lawyer, and all the principles he lays down are capable of being brought to the test of observation and experiment. The path he bids us follow professes to be, not a mere airy track, fabricated of ideal cobwebs, but a solid and broad bridge of facts<\/em>\u201d, T. H. Huxley, \u201cThe Darwinian Hypothesis\u201d, dans<span> <\/span><em>Darwiniana<\/em>,<span> <\/span><em>Collected Essays<\/em>, vol. II, Londres : Macmillan, 1894, 20-21.<\/p>\n<p class=\"notebaspage\" dir=\"ltr\"><sup><a class=\"FootnoteSymbol\" id=\"ftn28\" href=\"#bodyftn28\" style=\"text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 255);\">28<\/a><\/sup><span> <\/span>J. Vernon Jensen,<span> <\/span><em>Thomas Henry Huxley, Communicating for Science<\/em>,<span> <\/span><em>op. cit.<\/em>, 126.<\/p>\n<p class=\"notebaspage\" dir=\"ltr\"><sup><a class=\"FootnoteSymbol\" id=\"ftn29\" href=\"#bodyftn29\" style=\"text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 255);\">29<\/a><\/sup><span> <\/span>\u201c<em>[\u2026] that ecclesiastical spirit, that clericalism, which in England, as everywhere else, and to whatever denomination it may belong, is the deadly enemy of science<\/em>\u201d, T. H. Huxley, dans<span> <\/span><em>Method and Results<\/em>,<span> <\/span><em>Collected Essays<\/em>, vol. I, Londres : Macmillan, 1894, 16-17.<\/p>\n<p class=\"notebaspage\" dir=\"ltr\"><sup><a class=\"FootnoteSymbol\" id=\"ftn30\" href=\"#bodyftn30\" style=\"text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 255);\">30<\/a><\/sup><span> <\/span>\u201c<em>[\u2026] though not anti-religious [<\/em>cf. infra<em>], [Huxley] was uncompromisingly and pugnaciously anticlerical<\/em>\u201d, Stephen Jay Gould, cit\u00e9 dans J. Vernon Jensen,<span> <\/span><em>Thomas Henry Huxley, Communicating for Science<\/em>,<span> <\/span><em>op. cit.<\/em>, 191.<\/p>\n<p class=\"notebaspage\" dir=\"ltr\"><sup><a class=\"FootnoteSymbol\" id=\"ftn31\" href=\"#bodyftn31\" style=\"text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 255);\">31<\/a><\/sup><span> <\/span>\u201c<em>Besides personal friendship, the bond that united us was devotion to science, pure and free, untrammelled by religious dogmas<\/em>\u201d, Thomas Archer Hirst, cit\u00e9 dans J. Vernon Jensen,<span> <\/span><em>Thomas Henry Huxley, Communicating for Science<\/em>,<span> <\/span><em>op. cit.<\/em>, 143.<\/p>\n<p class=\"notebaspage\" dir=\"ltr\"><sup><a class=\"FootnoteSymbol\" id=\"ftn32\" href=\"#bodyftn32\" style=\"text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 255);\">32<\/a><\/sup><span> <\/span>\u201c<em>Theology was a threat because it represented a traditional source of intellectual authority that had always kept science in a subordinate position<\/em>\u201d, Peter J. Bowler,<span> <\/span><em>The Non-Darwinian Revolution, Reinterpreting a Historical Myth<\/em>, Baltimore et Londres : The Johns Hopkins University Press, [1988] 1992, 178.<\/p>\n<p class=\"notebaspage\" dir=\"ltr\"><sup><a class=\"FootnoteSymbol\" id=\"ftn33\" href=\"#bodyftn33\" style=\"text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 255);\">33<\/a><\/sup><span> <\/span>\u201c<em>We claim, and we shall wrest from theology, the entire domain of cosmological theory. All schemes and systems which thus infringe upon the domain of science must, in so far as they do this, submit to its control, and relinquish all thought of controlling it<\/em>\u201d, John Tyndall,<span> <\/span><em>Fragments of Science<\/em>, New York : A. L. Burt Co., s. d., 6<sup>e<\/sup><span> <\/span>\u00e9d., 491.<\/p>\n<p class=\"notebaspage\" dir=\"ltr\"><sup><a class=\"FootnoteSymbol\" id=\"ftn34\" href=\"#bodyftn34\" style=\"text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 255);\">34<\/a><\/sup><span> <\/span>\u201c<em>Meeting the first Thursday of every month between October and June, the X Club wielded unparalleled influence within the scientific world for almost thirty years. In combination, the members of the X Club \u2018conspired\u2019 to promote their ideal of unfettered scientific research. Committed to the creed of \u2018scientific naturalism\u2019, they believed that all phenomena in the material world could be reduced to naturalistic explanations; revelation had no explanatory role in the realm of scientific investigation<\/em>\u201d, J. F. M. Clark, \u201c\u2018The Ants Were Duly Visited\u2019: Making Sense of John Lubbock, Scientific Naturalism and the Senses of Social Insects\u201d,<span> <\/span><em>The British Journal for the History of Science<\/em>, (30), 1997, 157.<\/p>\n<p class=\"notebaspage\" dir=\"ltr\"><sup><a class=\"FootnoteSymbol\" id=\"ftn35\" href=\"#bodyftn35\" style=\"text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 255);\">35<\/a><\/sup><span> <\/span>R. Barton, \u201cEvolution: The Whitworth Gun in Huxley\u2019s War for the Liberation of Science from Theology\u201d,<span> <\/span><em>op. cit.<\/em>, 264; 267.<\/p>\n<p class=\"notebaspage\" dir=\"ltr\"><sup><a class=\"FootnoteSymbol\" id=\"ftn36\" href=\"#bodyftn36\" style=\"text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 255);\">36<\/a><\/sup><span> <\/span>\u201c<em>Whereas religion, along with poetry and art, belonged to the province of feeling, the agnostics placed theology in the realm of intellect or reason. The propositions of theology could therefore be tested like any other proposition in the realm of intellect. Theology must submit itself to the authority of science. Furthermore, on the basis of the distinction between religion and theology, the agnostics could claim that there was only a potential conflict between theology and science, not religion and science<\/em>\u201d, B. Lightman,<span> <\/span><em>The Origins of Agnosticism<\/em>,<span> <\/span><em>op. cit.<\/em>, 128.<\/p>\n<p class=\"notebaspage\" dir=\"ltr\"><sup><a class=\"FootnoteSymbol\" id=\"ftn37\" href=\"#bodyftn37\" style=\"text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 255);\">37<\/a><\/sup><span> <\/span><em>Idem.<\/em><\/p>\n<p class=\"notebaspage\" dir=\"ltr\"><sup><a class=\"FootnoteSymbol\" id=\"ftn38\" href=\"#bodyftn38\" style=\"text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 255);\">38<\/a><\/sup><span> <\/span>\u201c<em>The foundation of Huxley\u2019s defence of Bible reading was a distinction between feeling and intellect which allowed him to separate religion from theology [\u2026]<\/em>\u201d, R. Barton, \u201cEvolution: The Whitworth Gun in Huxley\u2019s War for the Liberation of Science from Theology\u201d,<span> <\/span><em>op. cit.<\/em>, 263.<\/p>\n<p class=\"notebaspage\" dir=\"ltr\"><sup><a class=\"FootnoteSymbol\" id=\"ftn39\" href=\"#bodyftn39\" style=\"text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 255);\">39<\/a><\/sup><span> <\/span>\u201c<em>At the same time, I laid stress upon the necessity of placing such instruction in lay hands; in the hope and belief, that it would thus gradually accommodate itself to the coming changes of opinion; that the theology and the legend would drop more and more out of sight, while the perennially interesting historical, literary, and ethical contents would come more and more into view<\/em>\u201d, T. H. Huxley, \u201cPrologue\u201d, dans<span> <\/span><em>Science and Christian Tradition<\/em>,<span> <\/span><em>op. cit.<\/em>, 57.<\/p>\n<p class=\"notebaspage\" dir=\"ltr\"><sup><a class=\"FootnoteSymbol\" id=\"ftn40\" href=\"#bodyftn40\" style=\"text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 255);\">40<\/a><\/sup><span> <\/span>\u201c<em>I have the fullest confidence that in the reading and explaining of the Bible what the children will be taught will be the great truths of Christian life and conduct, which all of us desire they should know, and that no efforts will be made to cram into their poor little minds theological dogmas which their tender age prevents them from understanding<\/em>\u201d, L. Huxley,<span> <\/span><em>Life and Letters of Thomas Henry Huxley<\/em>,<span> <\/span><em>op. cit.<\/em>, vol. 1, 369.<\/p>\n<p class=\"notebaspage\" dir=\"ltr\"><sup><a class=\"FootnoteSymbol\" id=\"ftn41\" href=\"#bodyftn41\" style=\"text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 255);\">41<\/a><\/sup><span> <\/span>L. Huxley,<span> <\/span><em>Life and Letters of Thomas Henry Huxley<\/em>,<span> <\/span><em>op. cit.<\/em>, 368 ; A. Desmond,<span> <\/span><em>Huxley<\/em>,<span> <\/span><em>op. cit.<\/em>, 403.<\/p>\n<p class=\"notebaspage\" dir=\"ltr\"><sup><a class=\"FootnoteSymbol\" id=\"ftn42\" href=\"#bodyftn42\" style=\"text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 255);\">42<\/a><\/sup><span> <\/span>\u201c<em>Huxley was positive that science had acted as a beneficial influence in purifying theology and hence religion as well<\/em>\u201d, B. Lightman,<span> <\/span><em>The Origins of Agnosticism<\/em>,<span> <\/span><em>op. cit.<\/em>, 134.<\/p>\n<p class=\"notebaspage\" dir=\"ltr\"><sup><a class=\"FootnoteSymbol\" id=\"ftn43\" href=\"#bodyftn43\" style=\"text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 255);\">43<\/a><\/sup><span> <\/span>L. Huxley,<span> <\/span><em>Life and Letters of Thomas Henry Huxley<\/em>,<span> <\/span><em>op. cit.<\/em>, vol. 1, 343-344.<\/p>\n<p class=\"notebaspage\" dir=\"ltr\"><sup><a class=\"FootnoteSymbol\" id=\"ftn44\" href=\"#bodyftn44\" style=\"text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 255);\">44<\/a><\/sup><span> <\/span>\u201c<em>[\u2026] I, individually, am no materialist, but, on the contrary, believe materialism to involve grave philosophical error<\/em>\u201d, T. H. Huxley, \u201cOn the Physical Basis of Life\u201d, dans<span> <\/span><em>Method and Results<\/em>,<span> <\/span><em>op. cit.<\/em>, 155 ; \u201c<em>My fundamental axiom of speculative philosophy is that<\/em><span><em> <\/em><\/span>materialism and spiritualism are opposite poles of the same absurdity<span><em> <\/em><\/span><em>\u2013 the absurdity of imagining that we know anything about either spirit or matter<\/em>\u201d, T. H. Huxley, cit\u00e9 dans L. Huxley,<span> <\/span><em>Life and Letters of Thomas Henry Huxley<\/em>,<span> <\/span><em>op. cit.<\/em>, vol. 1, 262 (soulign\u00e9 par Huxley.)<\/p>\n<p class=\"notebaspage\" dir=\"ltr\"><sup><a class=\"FootnoteSymbol\" id=\"ftn45\" href=\"#bodyftn45\" style=\"text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 255);\">45<\/a><\/sup><span> <\/span>Huxley affirme que Hume, Kant et Hamilton \u201c<em>are my philosophical forefathers<\/em>\u201d, cit\u00e9 dans B. Lightman,<span> <\/span><em>The Origins of Agnosticism<\/em>,<span> <\/span><em>op. cit.<\/em>, 137. Il convient de faire remarquer que l\u2019interpr\u00e9tation de Huxley est s\u00e9lective, puisqu\u2019il n\u2019accepte pas l\u2019ensemble des syst\u00e8mes philosophiques de ces auteurs, mais seulement ce qui lui semble d\u00e9montrer les limites de la connaissance.<\/p>\n<p class=\"notebaspage\" dir=\"ltr\"><sup><a class=\"FootnoteSymbol\" id=\"ftn46\" href=\"#bodyftn46\" style=\"text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 255);\">46<\/a><\/sup><span> <\/span>\u201c<em>Agnosticism is the essence of science, whether modern or ancient. It simply means that a man shall not say he knows or believes that which he has not scientific ground for profession to know or believe. [\u2026] It declines to have anything to do with supernaturalism<\/em>\u201d, T. H. Huxley, cit\u00e9 dans J. Vernon Jensen,<span> <\/span><em>Thomas Henry Huxley, Communicating for Science<\/em>,<span> <\/span><em>op. cit.<\/em>, 114.<\/p>\n<p class=\"notebaspage\" dir=\"ltr\"><sup><a class=\"FootnoteSymbol\" id=\"ftn47\" href=\"#bodyftn47\" style=\"text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 255);\">47<\/a><\/sup><span> <\/span>\u201c<em>The metempirical region is the void where Speculation roams unchecked; where Sense has no footing; where Experiment can exercise no control; and where Calculation ends in Impossible Quantities<\/em>\u201d, George Henry Lewes,<span> <\/span><em>Problems of Life and Mind<\/em>, Londres : Tr\u00fcbner and Company, 1874, vol. I, 18.<\/p>\n<p class=\"notebaspage\" dir=\"ltr\"><sup><a class=\"FootnoteSymbol\" id=\"ftn48\" href=\"#bodyftn48\" style=\"text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 255);\">48<\/a><\/sup><span> <\/span>\u201c<em>The improver of natural knowledge absolutely refuses to acknowledge authority, as such. For him, scepticism is the highest of duties; blind faith the one unpardonable sin<\/em>\u201d, T. H. Huxley, \u201cOn the Advisableness of Improving Natural Knowledge\u201d, dans<span> <\/span><em>Method and Results<\/em>,<span> <\/span><em>op. cit.<\/em>, 40.<\/p>\n<p class=\"notebaspage\" dir=\"ltr\"><sup><a class=\"FootnoteSymbol\" id=\"ftn49\" href=\"#bodyftn49\" style=\"text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 255);\">49<\/a><\/sup><span> <\/span>\u00ab Actualisme, ou principe des causes actuelles (Deluc, 1790), ou doctrine uniformitarienne (Whewell, 1832.) Il consiste \u00e0 postuler que les ph\u00e9nom\u00e8nes anciens ob\u00e9issent \u00e0 des lois de m\u00eame nature et de m\u00eame intensit\u00e9 que les ph\u00e9nom\u00e8nes actuels. Il s\u2019oppose traditionnellement au catastrophisme (Whewell) pour qui les ph\u00e9nom\u00e8nes pass\u00e9s ont eu, soit au d\u00e9but des temps g\u00e9ologiques, soit p\u00e9riodiquement, une plus grande ampleur \u00bb, Gabriel Gohau,<span> <\/span><em>Une histoire de la g\u00e9ologie<\/em>, Paris : Seuil, 1990, 265.<\/p>\n<p class=\"notebaspage\" dir=\"ltr\"><sup><a class=\"FootnoteSymbol\" id=\"ftn50\" href=\"#bodyftn50\" style=\"text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 255);\">50<\/a><\/sup><span> <\/span>Cuvier,<span> <\/span><em>Discours sur les r\u00e9volutions de la surface du globe et sur les changements qu\u2019elles ont produits dans le r\u00e8gne animal<\/em>, 1812, 5<sup>e<\/sup> \u00e9d. 1828, cit\u00e9 dans Dominique Tassot,<span> <\/span><em>La Bible au risque de la science, de Galil\u00e9e au p. Lagrange<\/em>, Paris : \u00c9ditions Fran\u00e7ois-Xavier de Guibert, 1997, 262.<\/p>\n<p class=\"notebaspage\" dir=\"ltr\"><sup><a class=\"FootnoteSymbol\" id=\"ftn51\" href=\"#bodyftn51\" style=\"text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 255);\">51<\/a><\/sup><span> <\/span>\u201c<em>The best chronologists calculated that Noah\u2019s rain began to fall on Sunday, 7 December 2347 B. C.<\/em>\u201d, Owen Chadwick,<span> <\/span><em>The Victorian Church<\/em>, Londres, Adam and Charles Black, 1970, vol. 1, 560 ; \u201c<em>The best calculators reckoned the ark at 42,413 tons<\/em>\u201d, O. Chadwick,<span> <\/span><em>The Victorian Church<\/em>,<span> <\/span><em>op. cit.<\/em>, 562.<\/p>\n<p class=\"notebaspage\" dir=\"ltr\"><sup><a class=\"FootnoteSymbol\" id=\"ftn52\" href=\"#bodyftn52\" style=\"text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 255);\">52<\/a><\/sup><span> <\/span>Pour ce qui est de l\u2019impact suppos\u00e9 du darwinisme sur une lecture litt\u00e9rale de la Bible, D. Becquemont \u00e9crit, par exemple : \u00ab En premier lieu, les th\u00e9ories darwiniennes \u00e9taient absolument incompatibles avec une interpr\u00e9tation litt\u00e9rale de la cosmogonie biblique. Mais cette cosmogonie \u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 rejet\u00e9e avant Darwin par une fraction importante du clerg\u00e9 anglican \u00bb, Daniel Becquemont,<span> <\/span><em>Darwin, darwinisme, \u00e9volutionnisme<\/em>, Paris : Kim\u00e9, 1992, 151.<\/p>\n<p class=\"notebaspage\" dir=\"ltr\"><sup><a class=\"FootnoteSymbol\" id=\"ftn53\" href=\"#bodyftn53\" style=\"text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 255);\">53<\/a><\/sup><span> <\/span>\u201c<em>I confess I soon lose my way when I try to follow those who walk delicately among \u2018types\u2019 and allegories<\/em>\u201d, T. H. Huxley, \u201cThe Lights of the Church and the Light of Science\u201d, dans<span> <\/span><em>Science and Hebrew Tradition<\/em>,<span> <\/span><em>op. cit.<\/em>, 232 ; \u201c<em>[\u2026] those refuges for the logically destitute, accommodation or allegory. But the faithful who fly to allegory in order to escape absurdity resemble nothing so much as the sheep in the fable who \u2013 to save their lives \u2013 jumped into the pit. The allegory pit is too commodious, is ready to swallow up so much more than one wants to put into it<\/em>\u201d, T. H. Huxley, \u201cAgnosticism and Christianity\u201d, dans<span> <\/span><em>Science and Christian Tradition<\/em>,<span> <\/span><em>op. cit.<\/em>, 324.<\/p>\n<p class=\"notebaspage\" dir=\"ltr\"><sup><a class=\"FootnoteSymbol\" id=\"ftn54\" href=\"#bodyftn54\" style=\"text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 255);\">54<\/a><\/sup><span> <\/span>Huxley a ainsi refus\u00e9 de signer une p\u00e9tition en faveur de<span> <\/span><em>Essays and Reviews<\/em> : \u201c<em>Lubbock started a counter-petition, which praised the book for trying to put the Church\u2019s teachings on a \u2018firmer\u2019 footing. Lyell, Busk, Carpenter and Darwin signed. But at Oxford, Rolleston refused, no lover of<\/em><span><em> <\/em><\/span>Essays<em>. So did Huxley, Hooker and Ramsay, who actually agreed with the hard-line bishops that \u2018the position of the Essayists [<\/em>was<em>] untenable for Clergymen\u2019.<\/em><span> <\/span>As astute strategists, they knew that this reconciliation wrecked their professional strategy, which relied on confrontation\u201d, A. Desmond,<span> <\/span><em>Huxley<\/em>,<span> <\/span><em>op. cit.<\/em>, 298 (nous soulignons.)<\/p>\n<p class=\"notebaspage\" dir=\"ltr\"><sup><a class=\"FootnoteSymbol\" id=\"ftn55\" href=\"#bodyftn55\" style=\"text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 255);\">55<\/a><\/sup><span> <\/span>\u201c<em>The question of \u2018Inspiration\u2019 really possesses no interest for those who have cast ecclesiasticism and all its works aside, and have no faith in any source of truth save that which is reached by the patient application of scientific methods<\/em>\u201d, T. H. Huxley, \u201cThe Lights of the Church and the Light of Science\u201d, dans<span> <\/span><em>Science and Hebrew Tradition<\/em>,<span> <\/span><em>op. cit.<\/em>, 233.<\/p>\n<p class=\"notebaspage\" dir=\"ltr\"><sup><a class=\"FootnoteSymbol\" id=\"ftn56\" href=\"#bodyftn56\" style=\"text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 255);\">56<\/a><\/sup><span> <\/span>T. H. Huxley, \u201cThe Lights of the Church and the Light of Science\u201d, dans<span> <\/span><em>Science and Hebrew Tradition<\/em>,<span> <\/span><em>op. cit.<\/em>, 201<span> <\/span><em>sq<\/em>.<\/p>\n<p class=\"notebaspage\" dir=\"ltr\"><sup><a class=\"FootnoteSymbol\" id=\"ftn57\" href=\"#bodyftn57\" style=\"text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 255);\">57<\/a><\/sup><span> <\/span>\u201c<em>The narrative may be exactly true. That is to say, the words, taken in their natural sense, and interpreted according to the rules of grammar, may convey to the mind of the hearer, or of the reader an idea precisely correspondent with one which would have remained in the mind of a witness<\/em>\u201d, T. H. Huxley, \u201cThe Lights of the Church and the Light of Science\u201d, dans<span> <\/span><em>Science and Hebrew Tradition<\/em>,<span> <\/span><em>op. cit.<\/em>, 201 ; \u201c<em>Or the narrative may be partly true and partly false. [\u2026] Such narratives, while veracious as to the main event, may and do exhibit various degrees of unconscious and conscious misrepresentation, suppression, and invention, till they become hardly distinguishable from pure fictions<\/em>\u201d, T. H. Huxley, \u201cThe Lights of the Church and the Light of Science\u201d, dans<span> <\/span><em>Science and Hebrew Tradition<\/em>,<span> <\/span><em>op. cit.<\/em>, 202.<\/p>\n<p class=\"notebaspage\" dir=\"ltr\"><sup><a class=\"FootnoteSymbol\" id=\"ftn58\" href=\"#bodyftn58\" style=\"text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 255);\">58<\/a><\/sup><span> <\/span>T. H. Huxley, \u201cThe Lights of the Church and the Light of Science\u201d, dans<span> <\/span><em>Science and Hebrew Tradition<\/em>,<span> <\/span><em>op. cit.<\/em>, 203-205.<\/p>\n<p class=\"notebaspage\" dir=\"ltr\"><sup><a class=\"FootnoteSymbol\" id=\"ftn59\" href=\"#bodyftn59\" style=\"text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 255);\">59<\/a><\/sup><span> <\/span>\u201c<em>I am fairly at a loss to comprehend how any one, for a moment, can doubt that Christian theology must stand or fall with the historical trustworthiness of the Jewish Scriptures<\/em>\u201d, T. H. Huxley, \u201cThe Lights of the Church and the Light of Science\u201d, dans<span> <\/span><em>Science and Hebrew Tradition<\/em>,<span> <\/span><em>op. cit.<\/em>, 207.<\/p>\n<p class=\"notebaspage\" dir=\"ltr\"><sup><a class=\"FootnoteSymbol\" id=\"ftn60\" href=\"#bodyftn60\" style=\"text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 255);\">60<\/a><\/sup><span> <\/span>\u201c<em>The books of ecclesiastical authority declare that certain events happened in a certain fashion; the books of scientific authority say they did not<\/em>\u201d, T. H. Huxley, \u201cThe Lights of the Church and the Light of Science\u201d, dans<span> <\/span><em>Science and Hebrew Tradition<\/em>,<span> <\/span><em>op. cit.<\/em>, 213.<\/p>\n<p class=\"notebaspage\" dir=\"ltr\"><sup><a class=\"FootnoteSymbol\" id=\"ftn61\" href=\"#bodyftn61\" style=\"text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 255);\">61<\/a><\/sup><span> <\/span>\u201c<em>Notwithstanding diligent search, I have been unable to discover that the universality of the Deluge has any defender left, at least among those who have so far mastered the rudiments of natural knowledge as to be able to appreciate the weight of evidence against it<\/em>\u201d, T. H. Huxley, \u201cThe Lights of the Church and the Light of Science\u201d, dans<span> <\/span><em>Science and Hebrew Tradition<\/em>,<span> <\/span><em>op. cit.<\/em>, 217.<\/p>\n<p class=\"notebaspage\" dir=\"ltr\"><sup><a class=\"FootnoteSymbol\" id=\"ftn62\" href=\"#bodyftn62\" style=\"text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 255);\">62<\/a><\/sup><span> <\/span>\u201c<em>While, therefore, every right-minded man must sympathise with the efforts of those theologians [the authors of<\/em><span><em> <\/em><\/span>Lux Mundi<em>], who have not been able altogether to close their ears to the still, small, voice of reason, to escape from the fetters which ecclesiasticism has forged; the melancholy fact remains, that the position they have taken up is hopelessly untenable. It is raked alike by the old-fashioned artillery of the Churches and by the fatal weapons of precision with which the<\/em><span><em> <\/em><\/span>enfants perdus<span><em> <\/em><\/span><em>of the advancing forces of science are armed. They must surrender, or fall back into a more sheltered position. And it is possible that they may long find safety in such retreat<\/em>\u201d, T. H. Huxley, \u201cThe Lights of the Church and the Light of Science\u201d, dans<span> <\/span><em>Science and Hebrew Tradition<\/em>,<span> <\/span><em>op. cit.<\/em>, 236.<\/p>\n<p class=\"notebaspage\" dir=\"ltr\"><sup><a class=\"FootnoteSymbol\" id=\"ftn63\" href=\"#bodyftn63\" style=\"text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 255);\">63<\/a><\/sup><span> <\/span>\u201c<em>But I am quite aware that the strength of the demonstration that no universal Deluge ever took place has produced a change of front in the army of apologetic writers. They have imagined that the substitution of the adjective \u2018partial\u2019 for \u2018universal,\u2019 will save the credit of the Pentateuch, and permit them, after all, without too many blushes, to declare that the progress of modern science only strengthens the authority of Moses<\/em>\u201d, T. H. Huxley, \u201cThe Lights of the Church and the Light of Science\u201d, dans<span> <\/span><em>Science and Hebrew Tradition<\/em>,<span> <\/span><em>op. cit.<\/em>, 220.<\/p>\n<p class=\"notebaspage\" dir=\"ltr\"><sup><a class=\"FootnoteSymbol\" id=\"ftn64\" href=\"#bodyftn64\" style=\"text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 255);\">64<\/a><\/sup><span> <\/span>\u201c<em>[\u2026] many of the very precisely stated details of Noah\u2019s flood contradict some of the best established results of scientific inquiry<\/em>\u201d, T. H. Huxley, \u201cHasisadra\u2019s Adventure\u201d, dans<span> <\/span><em>Science and Hebrew Tradition<\/em>,<span> <\/span><em>op. cit.<\/em>, 263.<\/p>\n<p class=\"notebaspage\" dir=\"ltr\"><sup><a class=\"FootnoteSymbol\" id=\"ftn65\" href=\"#bodyftn65\" style=\"text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 255);\">65<\/a><\/sup><span> <\/span>\u201c<em>With respect to such inundations as are the consequences of earthquakes, and other slight movements of the crust of the earth, I have never heard of anything to show that they were more frequent and severer in the quaternary or tertiary epochs than they are now. In the discussion of these, as of all other geological problems, the appeal to needless catastrophes is born of that impatience of the slow and painful search after sufficient causes, in the ordinary course of nature, which is a temptation to all, though only energetic ignorance nowadays completely succumbs to it<\/em>\u201d, T. H. Huxley, \u201cHasisadra\u2019s Adventure\u201d, dans<span> <\/span><em>Science and Hebrew Tradition<\/em>,<span> <\/span><em>op. cit.<\/em>, 283.<\/p>\n<p class=\"notebaspage\" dir=\"ltr\"><sup><a class=\"FootnoteSymbol\" id=\"ftn66\" href=\"#bodyftn66\" style=\"text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 255);\">66<\/a><\/sup><span> <\/span>\u201c<em>Thus, in view, not, I repeat, of the recondite speculations of infidel philosophers, but in the face of the plainest and most commonplace of ascertained physical facts, the story of the Noachian Deluge has no more claim to credit than has that of Deucalion; and whether it was, or was not, suggested by the familiar acquaintance of its originators with the effects of unusually great overflows of the Tigris and Euphrates, it is utterly devoid of historical truth<\/em>\u201d, T. H. Huxley, \u201cThe Lights of the Church and the Light of Science\u201d, dans<span> <\/span><em>Science and Hebrew Tradition<\/em>,<span> <\/span><em>op. cit.<\/em>, 226.<\/p>\n<p class=\"notebaspage\" dir=\"ltr\"><sup><a class=\"FootnoteSymbol\" id=\"ftn67\" href=\"#bodyftn67\" style=\"text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 255);\">67<\/a><\/sup><span> <\/span>T. H. Huxley, \u201cThe Lights of the Church and the Light of Science\u201d, dans<span> <\/span><em>Science and Hebrew Tradition<\/em>,<span> <\/span><em>op. cit.<\/em>, 226<span> <\/span><em>sq<\/em>. ; \u201c<em>[\u2026] the story of the Flood in Genesis is merely a Bowdlerised version of one of the oldest pieces of purely fictitious literature extant; [\u2026] whether this is, or is not, its origin, the events asserted in it to have taken place assuredly never did take place<\/em>\u201d, T. H. Huxley, \u201cThe Lights of the Church and the Light of Science\u201d, dans<span> <\/span><em>Science and Hebrew Tradition<\/em>,<span> <\/span><em>op. cit.<\/em>, 229 ; \u201c<em>Unless I greatly err, the arguments adduced go a long way to prove that the accounts of the Creation and of the Deluge in the Hebrew scriptures are mere legends<\/em>\u201d, T. H. Huxley, \u201cPreface\u201d, dans<span> <\/span><em>Science and Hebrew Tradition<\/em>,<span> <\/span><em>op. cit.<\/em>, x.<\/p>\n<p class=\"notebaspage\" dir=\"ltr\"><sup><a class=\"FootnoteSymbol\" id=\"ftn68\" href=\"#bodyftn68\" style=\"text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 255);\">68<\/a><\/sup><span> <\/span>\u201c<em>The compiler of Genesis, in its present form, evidently had a definite plan in his mind. His countrymen, like all other men, were doubtless curious to know how the world began; how men, and especially wicked men, came into being, and how existing nations and races arose among the descendants of one stock; and, finally, what was the history of their own particular tribe. They, like ourselves, desired to solve the four great problems of cosmogeny, anthropogeny, ethnogeny, and geneogeny. The Pentateuch furnishes the solutions which appeared satisfactory to its author. One of these, as we have seen, was borrowed from a Babylonian fable; and I know of no reason to suspect any different origin for the rest<\/em>\u201d, T. H. Huxley, \u201cThe Lights of the Church and the Light of Science\u201d, dans<span> <\/span><em>Science and Hebrew Tradition<\/em>,<span> <\/span><em>op. cit.<\/em>, 235.<\/p>\n<p class=\"notebaspage\" dir=\"ltr\"><sup><a class=\"FootnoteSymbol\" id=\"ftn69\" href=\"#bodyftn69\" style=\"text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 255);\">69<\/a><\/sup><span> <\/span>\u201c<em>If the scientific profession was to gain the status it thought it deserved within the new industrial world, it would have to establish its role as the most authoritative source of rational knowledge<\/em>\u201d, P. J. Bowler,<span> <\/span><em>The Non-Darwinian Revolution, Reinterpreting a Historical Myth<\/em>,<span> <\/span><em>op. cit.<\/em>, 178.<\/p>\n<p class=\"notebaspage\" dir=\"ltr\"><sup><a class=\"FootnoteSymbol\" id=\"ftn70\" href=\"#bodyftn70\" style=\"text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 255);\">70<\/a><\/sup><span> <\/span>Huxley \u00e9crit : \u201c<em>It [Bibliolatry] lies at the root of the deep-seated, sometimes disguised, but never absent, antagonism of all the varieties of ecclesiasticism to the freedom of thought and to the spirit of scientific investigation. For those who look upon ignorance as one of the chief sources of evil; and hold veracity, not merely in act, but in thought, to be the one condition of true progress, whether moral or intellectual, it is clear that the biblical idol must go the way of all other idols. Of infallibility, in all shapes, lay or clerical, it is needful to iterate with more than Catonic pertinacity,<\/em><span><em> <\/em><\/span>Delenda est\u201d, T. H. Huxley, \u201cPreface\u201d, dans<span> <\/span><em>Science and Hebrew Tradition<\/em>,<span> <\/span><em>op. cit.<\/em>, ix-x.<\/p>\n<p class=\"notebaspage\" dir=\"ltr\"><sup><a class=\"FootnoteSymbol\" id=\"ftn71\" href=\"#bodyftn71\" style=\"text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 255);\">71<\/a><\/sup><span> <\/span>\u201c<em>The truth is that the pretension to infallibility, by whomsoever made, has done endless mischief; with impartial malignity it has proved a curse, alike to those who have made it and those who have accepted it; and its most baneful shape is book infallibility<\/em>\u201d, T. H. Huxley, \u201cPreface\u201d, dans<span> <\/span><em>Science and Hebrew Tradition<\/em>,<span> <\/span><em>op. cit.<\/em>, ix.<\/p>\n<p class=\"notebaspage\" dir=\"ltr\"><sup><a class=\"FootnoteSymbol\" id=\"ftn72\" href=\"#bodyftn72\" style=\"text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 255);\">72<\/a><\/sup><span> <\/span>Voir, parmi d\u2019autres, les \u00e9crits d\u2019auteurs comme les physiciens Peter G. Tait ou James C. Maxwell. En France, E. M. Caro insiste \u00e9galement sur la distinction entre science exp\u00e9rimentale et pens\u00e9e positiviste : \u00ab Quand on parle des sciences positives et de ceux qui les cultivent, il faut bien se garder de confondre l\u2019\u00e9cole exp\u00e9rimentale avec le positivisme \u00bb, E. Caro,<span> <\/span><em>Le Mat\u00e9rialisme et la science<\/em>, Paris, Hachette, 1867, 1.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"section\" id=\"quotation\" readability=\"37\">\n<h3 class=\"section\" style=\"font-size:1.17em; margin:0.83em0px;\"><span class=\"text\">Pour citer cet article<\/span><\/h3>\n<h3 style=\"font-size:1em; margin:1.5em0px;\">R\u00e9f\u00e9rence papier<\/h3>\n<p><strong>Christophe<\/strong><span><strong> <\/strong><\/span><span class=\"familyName\"><strong>Duvey<\/strong><\/span>, \u00ab Thomas Henry Huxley et la Bible \u00bb,<span> <\/span><em>Revue LISA\/LISA e-journal<\/em>, Vol. V &#8211; n\u00b04 | 2007, 103-121.<\/p>\n<h3 style=\"font-size:1em; margin:1.5em0px;\">R\u00e9f\u00e9rence \u00e9lectronique<\/h3>\n<p><strong>Christophe<\/strong><span><strong> <\/strong><\/span><span class=\"familyName\"><strong>Duvey<\/strong><\/span>, \u00ab Thomas Henry Huxley et la Bible \u00bb,<span> <\/span><em>Revue LISA\/LISA e-journal<\/em><span> <\/span>[En ligne], Vol. V &#8211; n\u00b04 | 2007, mis en ligne le 08 octobre 2009, consult\u00e9 le 15 juillet 2020. URL : <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"http:\/\/journals.openedition.org\/lisa\/1356\">http:\/\/journals.openedition.org\/lisa\/1356<\/a> ; DOI : <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4000\/lisa.1356\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4000\/lisa.1356<\/a><\/div>\n<div class=\"section\" id=\"authors\" readability=\"16.09913043478261\">\n<h3 class=\"section\" style=\"font-size:1.17em; margin:0.83em0px;\">A propos de l&rsquo;a<span class=\"text\">uteur<\/span><\/h3>\n<p class=\"description\">Christophe DUVEY est ma\u00eetre de conf\u00e9rences \u00e0 l\u2019Universit\u00e9 Paul Val\u00e9ry \u2013 Montpellier III. Il a consacr\u00e9 sa th\u00e8se \u00e0 \u00ab L\u2019homme et la nature dans la pens\u00e9e du naturaliste et philosophe St George Jackson Mivart (1827-1900) \u00bb. Ses travaux portent sur l\u2019histoire des id\u00e9es au XIX<sup>e<\/sup><span> <\/span>si\u00e8cle, notamment sur la philosophie victorienne.<\/p>\n<h3 style=\"font-size:0.83em; margin:1.67em0px;\">Articles du m\u00eame auteur<\/h3>\n<ul class=\"documents\">\n<li>\n<div class=\"title\"><a hreflang=\"en\" lang=\"en\" href=\"https:\/\/journals.openedition.org\/lisa\/139\" style=\"text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 255);\">Experience and Universal Judgements: William Kingdon Clifford and Non-Euclidean Geometries<\/a>. Paru dans<span> <\/span><em>Revue LISA\/LISA e-journal<\/em>,<span> <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/journals.openedition.org\/lisa\/57\" style=\"text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 255);\">Vol. VII \u2013 n\u00b03 | 2009<\/a><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"section\" id=\"license\" readability=\"13\">\n<h3 class=\"section\" style=\"font-size:1.17em; margin:0.83em0px;\"><span class=\"text\">Droits d\u2019auteur<\/span><\/h3>\n<p>Les contenus de la<span> <\/span><span property=\"dct:title\"><em>Revue LISA \/ LISA e-journal<\/em><\/span><span> <\/span>sont mis \u00e0 disposition selon les termes de la<span> <\/span><a rel=\"license\" href=\"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/\" style=\"text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 255);\">licence Creative Commons Attribution &#8211; Pas d&rsquo;Utilisation Commerciale &#8211; Pas de Modification 4.0 International<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Source :<\/strong> <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/journals.openedition.org\/lisa\/1356\">https:\/\/journals.openedition.org\/lisa\/1356<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Thomas Henry Huxley a consacr\u00e9 plusieurs essais \u00e0 l&rsquo;\u00e9tude de la Bible. Cet int\u00e9r\u00eat ne peut s&rsquo;expliquer que si l&rsquo;on examine ses id\u00e9es sur l&rsquo;histoire, la religion ainsi que l&rsquo;\u00e9pist\u00e9mologie. Selon lui, une lutte entre la libre pens\u00e9e et le surnaturalisme culmine \u00e0 l&rsquo;\u00e9poque victorienne, d&rsquo;o\u00f9 la n\u00e9cessit\u00e9 d&rsquo;une \u00ab\u00a0Nouvelle R\u00e9forme\u00a0\u00bb, h\u00e9riti\u00e8re des id\u00e9aux de libert\u00e9 d\u00e9fendus par les humanistes de la Renaissance. Ce mouvement s&rsquo;oppose aux principes des partisans de ce qu&rsquo;il appelle \u00ab\u00a0l&rsquo;eccl\u00e9siastique\u00a0\u00bb. Les partisans de la \u00ab\u00a0Nouvelle R\u00e9forme\u00a0\u00bb pouvaient s&rsquo;appuyer sur les progr\u00e8s de la science moderne, et l&rsquo;agnosticisme, que Huxley identifiait \u00e0 la m\u00e9thode scientifique, en devint le fondement \u00e9pist\u00e9mologique.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":7,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_feature_clip_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[359,137,360,76,31,17,136,192],"tags":[365,362,363,240,364,189,361],"class_list":["post-8146","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-agnosticisme","category-articles","category-epistemologie-philosophie","category-histoire-des-sciences-2","category-naturalisme","category-philosophie-des-sciences","category-theologie","category-theologie-de-la-creation","tag-agnosticisme","tag-bible","tag-deluge","tag-epistemologie","tag-methode-scientifique","tag-naturalisme","tag-thomas-henry-huxley"],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/pbu0ZL-27o","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/bibleetsciencediffusion.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8146","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/bibleetsciencediffusion.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/bibleetsciencediffusion.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bibleetsciencediffusion.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/7"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bibleetsciencediffusion.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=8146"}],"version-history":[{"count":14,"href":"https:\/\/bibleetsciencediffusion.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8146\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":8407,"href":"https:\/\/bibleetsciencediffusion.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8146\/revisions\/8407"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/bibleetsciencediffusion.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=8146"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bibleetsciencediffusion.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=8146"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bibleetsciencediffusion.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=8146"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}